Network functions virtualization interconnection gateway

ABSTRACT

Novel tools and techniques might provide for implementing interconnection gateway and/or hub functionalities between two or more network functions virtualization (“NFV”) entities that are located in different networks. In some embodiments, a NFV interconnection gateway (“NFVIG”) might receive a set of network interconnection information from each of two or more sets of NFV entities, each set of NFV entities being located within a network separate from the networks in which the other sets of NFV entities are located. The NFVIG might be located in one of these networks. The NFVIG might abstract each set of network interconnection information, and might establish one or more links between the two or more sets of NFV entities, based at least in part on the abstracted sets of network interconnection information. The NFVIG might provide access to one or more virtualized network functions (“VNFs”) via the one or more links.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/678,208 (the “'208 Application”), filed Apr. 3,2015 by Michael J. Fargano, entitled, “Network Functions VirtualizationInterconnection Gateway,” which claims priority to U.S. PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/974,927 (the “'927 Application”), filed Apr. 3,2014 by Michael J. Fargano, entitled, “Network Functions VirtualizationInterconnection Gateway,” U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/974,930(the “'930 Application”), filed Apr. 3, 2014 by Michael J. Fargano,entitled, “Network Functions Virtualization Interconnection Hub,” U.S.Patent Application Ser. No. 61/976,896 (the “'896 Application”), filedApr. 8, 2014 by Michael J. Fargano, entitled, “Customer EnvironmentNetwork Functions Virtualization (NFV),” and to U.S. Patent ApplicationSer. No. 61/977,820 (the “'820 application”), filed Apr. 10, 2014 byMichael J. Fargano, entitled, “Customer Environment Network FunctionsVirtualization (NFV).”

This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/678,280, filed on a date even herewith by Michael J. Fargano et al.,entitled, “Network Functions Virtualization Interconnection Hub,” andU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/678,309, filed on a date evenherewith by Michael J. Fargano et al., entitled, “Customer EnvironmentNetwork Functions Virtualization (NFV).”

The respective disclosures of these applications/patents (which thisdocument refers to collectively as the “Related Applications”) areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialthat is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates, in general, to methods, systems, andcomputer software for implementing interconnection gateway and/or hubfunctionalities, and, in particular embodiments, to methods, systems,and computer software for implementing interconnection gateway and/orhub functionalities between or among two or more network functionsvirtualization (“NFV”) entities that are located in different networks.

BACKGROUND

Although currently available network gateway devices and network hubdevices allow for interconnection between or among two or more networksand network components therein, such interconnection is for conventionaldata traffic. Such currently available network gateway or hub devices,however, do not provide for interconnection between or amongst two ormore network functions virtualization (“NFV”) entities in correspondingtwo or more different networks, much less provide access to one or morevirtualized network functions (“VNFs”) via such interconnections.

Hence, there is a need for more robust and scalable solutions forimplementing interconnection gateway and/or hub functionalities, by,e.g., implementing interconnection gateway and/or hub functionalitiesbetween or among two or more network functions virtualization (“NFV”)entities that are located in different networks.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of particularembodiments may be realized by reference to the remaining portions ofthe specification and the drawings, in which like reference numerals areused to refer to similar components. In some instances, a sub-label isassociated with a reference numeral to denote one of multiple similarcomponents. When reference is made to a reference numeral withoutspecification to an existing sub-label, it is intended to refer to allsuch multiple similar components.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams illustrating various systems forimplementing interconnection gateway functionality between a first setof network functions virtualization (“NFV”) entities in a first networkand a second set of NFV entities in a second network, in accordance withvarious embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating another system for implementinginterconnection gateway functionality between a first set of NFVentities in a first network and a second set of NFV entities in a secondnetwork, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating yet another system forimplementing interconnection gateway functionality between a first setof NFV entities in a first network and a second set of NFV entities in asecond network, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIGS. 4A-4C represent a system flow diagram illustrating a method forimplementing interconnection gateway functionality between a first setof NFV entities in a first network and a second set of NFV entities in asecond network, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system for implementinginterconnection hub functionality among a first set of NFV entities in afirst network, a second set of NFV entities in a second network, throughan N^(th) set of NFV entities in an N^(th) network, in accordance withvarious embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating another system forimplementing interconnection hub functionality among a first set of NFVentities in a first network, a second set of NFV entities in a secondnetwork, through an N^(th) set of NFV entities in an N^(th) network, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating yet another system forimplementing interconnection hub functionality among a first set of NFVentities in a first network, a second set of NFV entities in a secondnetwork, through an N^(th) set of NFV entities in an N^(th) network, inaccordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system for implementinghub-to-hub interconnection among a first interconnection hub in a firstexternal network, a second interconnection hub in a second externalnetwork, through an N^(th) interconnection hub in an N^(th) externalnetwork, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIGS. 9A-9E are flow diagrams illustrating a method for implementinginterconnection hub functionality among a first set of NFV entities in afirst network, a second set of NFV entities in a second network, throughan N^(th) set of NFV entities in an N^(th) network or for implementinghub-to-hub interconnection among a first interconnection hub in a firstexternal network, a second interconnection hub in a second externalnetwork, through an N^(th) interconnection hub in an N^(th) externalnetwork, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computer or systemhardware architecture, in accordance with various embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a networked system of computers,computing systems, or system hardware architecture, which can be used inaccordance with various embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

Overview

Various embodiments provide techniques for implementing interconnectiongateway and/or hub functionalities between or among two or more networkfunctions virtualization (“NFV”) entities that are located in differentnetworks.

In some embodiments, a NFV interconnection gateway (“NFVIG”)—whichprovides NFV interconnection between two networks of two separate(network) service providers in a one-to-one manner—might receive a setof network interconnection information from each of two or more sets ofNFV entities, each set of NFV entities being located within a networkseparate from the networks in which the other sets of NFV entities arelocated. The NFVIG might, in some cases, be located in one of thesenetworks. The NFVIG might abstract each set of network interconnectioninformation, and might establish one or more links between the two ormore sets of NFV entities, based at least in part on the abstracted setsof network interconnection information. The NFVIG might provide accessto one or more virtualized network functions (“VNFs”) via the one ormore links.

In some cases, a NFV entity might include, without limitation, at leastone of a NFV orchestrator, a network functions virtualizationinfrastructure (“NFVI”) system, a NFV management and orchestration(“MANO”) system, a VNF manager, a NFV resource manager, a virtualizedinfrastructure manager (“VIM”), a virtual machine (“VM”), a macroorchestrator, a domain orchestrator, and/or the like. In some instances,one or more NFV entities might include a device that is configured torequest execution of VNFs and to access the VNFs being executed oncorresponding one of the one or more other NFV entities, withoutcapacity and/or capability to locally execute the VNFs. Herein, “lack ofcapacity” might imply to resources are exhausted due to load, while“lack of capability” might imply that the service provider does not haveresources to locally execute the VNFs in the first place. In someinstances, a service provider that owns, manages, or controls aparticular VNF may offer the particular VNF to other service providersonly if the particular VNF is executed on its own NFVI. The NFVIG, insome aspects, might include, but is not limited to, a physical gatewaydevice, a gateway application hosted on a distributed computingplatform, a gateway application hosted on a cloud computing platform, aVNF-based gateway application hosted on a centralized gateway hardwaresystem, a gateway application hosted on a server, a VNF-based gatewayapplication hosted on a computing device, an external network-to-networkinterface (“E-NNI”) device, and/or the like. In some cases, the networkconnection information might include, without limitation, informationregarding at least one of latency, jitter, bandwidth, packet loss, nodalconnectivity, compute resources, storage resources, memory capacity,routing, operations support systems (“OSS”), or business support systems(“BSS”), additional services (e.g., firewall, security, parental controlfunctionality, etc.), and/or information regarding at least one offault, configuration, accounting, performance, or security (“FCAPS”),and/or the like.

According to some aspects, providing access to the one or more VNFsmight include, without limitation, sending one or more VNFs from one setof NFV entities in one network to another set of NFV entities in anothernetwork via the one or more links, providing one set of NFV entities inone network with access to one or more VNFs running on another set ofNFV entities in another network without sending the one or more VNFsfrom the one set of NFV entities to the another set of NFV entities,providing access to the one or more VNFs via a NFVIG, providing accessto the one or more VNFs via peering connection between one set of NFVentities in one network and another set of NFV entities in anothernetwork, bursting one or more VNFs from one set of NFV entities in onenetwork to another set of NFV entities in another network using anapplication programming interface (“API”), and/or the like.

According to some embodiments, a NFV interconnection hub (“NFVIH”)—whichprovides NFV interconnection amongst three or more networks of three ormore separate (network) service providers in a many-to-many manner—mightreceive a set of network interconnection information from each of threeor more sets of NFV entities, each set of NFV entities being locatedwithin a network separate from the networks in which the other sets ofNFV entities are located. The NFVIH might be located within a separateexternal network. The NFVIH might abstract each set of networkinterconnection information, and might establish one or more links amongthe three or more sets of NFV entities, based at least in part on theabstracted sets of network interconnection information. The NFVIH mightprovide access to one or more VNFs via the one or more links. In someaspects, the NFVIH might provide hub-to-hub NFV interconnection betweenor amongst large groups of separate networks (with each group beinginterconnected by a hub), to allow for expanded scalability in NFVinterconnection or the like.

In some cases, a NFV entity might include, without limitation, at leastone of a NFV orchestrator, a NFVI system, a NFV MANO system, a VNFmanager, a NFV resource manager, a VIM, a VM, a macro orchestrator, adomain orchestrator, and/or the like. In some instances, one or more NFVentities might include a device that is configured to request executionof VNFs and to access the VNFs being executed on corresponding one ofthe one or more other NFV entities, without capacity and/or capabilityto locally execute the VNFs. As above, “lack of capacity” might imply toresources are exhausted due to load, while “lack of capability” mightimply that the service provider does not have resources to locallyexecute the VNFs in the first place. In some instances, a serviceprovider that owns, manages, or controls a particular VNF may offer theparticular VNF to other service providers only if the particular VNF isexecuted on its own NFVI. The NFVIH, in some aspects, might include, butis not limited to, a physical hub device, a hub application hosted on adistributed computing platform, a hub application hosted on a cloudcomputing platform, a VNF-based hub application hosted on a centralizedhub hardware system, a hub application hosted on a server, a VNF-basedhub application hosted on a computing device, an E-NNI device, and/orthe like. In some cases, the network connection information mightinclude, without limitation, information regarding at least one oflatency, jitter, bandwidth, packet loss, nodal connectivity, computeresources, storage resources, memory capacity, routing, OSS, or BSS,additional services (e.g., firewall, security, parental controlfunctionality, etc.), and/or information regarding at least one offault, configuration, accounting, performance, or security (“FCAPS”),and/or the like.

According to some aspects, providing access to the one or more VNFsmight include, without limitation, sending one or more VNFs from one setof NFV entities in one network to another set of NFV entities in anothernetwork via the one or more links, providing one set of NFV entities inone network with access to one or more VNFs running on another set ofNFV entities in another network without sending the one or more VNFsfrom the one set of NFV entities to the another set of NFV entities,providing access to the one or more VNFs via a NFVIH (in some cases, viaone or more NFVIGs), providing access to the one or more VNFs viapeering connection between one set of NFV entities in one network andanother set of NFV entities in another network, bursting one or moreVNFs from one set of NFV entities in one network to another set of NFVentities in another network using an API, and/or the like.

The following detailed description illustrates a few exemplaryembodiments in further detail to enable one of skill in the art topractice such embodiments. The described examples are provided forillustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention.

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the described embodiments. It will be apparent to oneskilled in the art, however, that other embodiments of the presentinvention may be practiced without some of these specific details. Inother instances, certain structures and devices are shown in blockdiagram form. Several embodiments are described herein, and whilevarious features are ascribed to different embodiments, it should beappreciated that the features described with respect to one embodimentmay be incorporated with other embodiments as well. By the same token,however, no single feature or features of any described embodimentshould be considered essential to every embodiment of the invention, asother embodiments of the invention may omit such features.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers used herein to expressquantities, dimensions, and so forth used should be understood as beingmodified in all instances by the term “about.” In this application, theuse of the singular includes the plural unless specifically statedotherwise, and use of the terms “and” and “or” means “and/or” unlessotherwise indicated. Moreover, the use of the term “including,” as wellas other forms, such as “includes” and “included,” should be considerednon-exclusive. Also, terms such as “element” or “component” encompassboth elements and components comprising one unit and elements andcomponents that comprise more than one unit, unless specifically statedotherwise.

The tools provided by various embodiments include, without limitation,methods, systems, and/or software products. Merely by way of example, amethod might comprise one or more procedures, any or all of which areexecuted by a computer system. Correspondingly, an embodiment mightprovide a computer system configured with instructions to perform one ormore procedures in accordance with methods provided by various otherembodiments. Similarly, a computer program might comprise a set ofinstructions that are executable by a computer system (and/or aprocessor therein) to perform such operations. In many cases, suchsoftware programs are encoded on physical, tangible, and/ornon-transitory computer readable media (such as, to name but a fewexamples, optical media, magnetic media, and/or the like).

Various embodiments described herein, while embodying (in some cases)software products, computer-performed methods, and/or computer systems,represent tangible, concrete improvements to existing technologicalareas, including, without limitation, network communications technology,network virtualization technology, network configuration technology,and/or the like. In other aspects, certain embodiments, can improve thefunctioning of a computer or network system itself (e.g., computingdevices or systems that form parts of the network, computing devices orsystems for performing the functionalities described below, etc.), forexample, by enabling implementation of network functions virtualization(“NFV”) interconnection between two or more sets of NFV entities in twoor more separate networks or amongst three or more sets of NFV entitiesin three or more separate networks, enabling access to virtual networkfunctions (“VNFs”) via such NFV interconnection, enabling implementationof virtual gateway and/or hub functionalities for performing one or moreof these implementations, enabling implementation of virtualizationfunctionalities for performing one or more of these implementations,improving network and/or computing system functionalities, improvingnetwork and/or computing system efficiencies, and/or the like. Inparticular, to the extent any abstract concepts are present in thevarious embodiments, those concepts can be implemented as describedherein by devices, software, systems, and methods that involve specificnovel functionality (e.g., steps or operations), such as implementingNFV interconnection between two or more sets of NFV entities in two ormore separate networks or amongst three or more sets of NFV entities inthree or more separate networks, providing an NFV entity with access toVNFs via such NFV interconnection, implementing virtualizationfunctionalities for performing these implementations, enabling NFVaaSfunctionality or VNFaaS functionality for enabling a 3rd party providerto access VNFs via such NFV interconnection, and/or the like, to name afew examples, that extend beyond mere conventional computer processingoperations. These functionalities can produce tangible results outsideof the implementing computer system, including, merely by way ofexample, improved network and/or computing system operations, improvednetwork and/or computing system operation efficiencies, and/or the like,any of which may be observed or measured by customers and/or serviceproviders.

In an aspect, a method might comprise receiving, with an interconnectiongateway device within a first network and from one or more internalnetwork functions virtualization (“NFV”) entities, a first set ofnetwork connection information, each of the one or more internal NFVentities being located within the first network. The method might alsocomprise receiving, with the interconnection gateway device and from oneor more external NFV entities, a second set of network connectioninformation, each of the one or more external NFV entities being locatedwithin a second network external to the first network. The method mightfurther comprise abstracting, with the interconnection gateway device,the first set of network connection information to generate a first setof abstracted network connection information and abstracting, with theinterconnection gateway device, the second set of network connectioninformation to generate a second set of abstracted network connectioninformation. Each of the first set of abstracted network connectioninformation and the second set of abstracted network connectioninformation might be abstracted to be independent of any particular NFVentity in any network. The method might additionally compriseestablishing, with the interconnection gateway device, one or more linksbetween each of the one or more internal NFV entities and eachcorresponding one of the one or more external NFV entities, based atleast in part on one or more of the first set of abstracted networkconnection information or the second set of abstracted networkconnection information. The method might further comprise providingaccess to one or more virtualized network functions (“VNFs”) via the oneor more links.

According to some embodiments, the first network might be associatedwith a first service provider, and the second network might beassociated with a second service provider separate from the firstservice provider. In some cases, the one or more links might beestablished between the first service provider and the second serviceprovider to establish interconnection for providing at least one ofcustomer roaming services, customer nomadic services, wholesale play,disaster recovery, offloading, service bureau operations, or networkoperator/service provider cooperation, and/or the like.

In some embodiments, providing access to the one or more VNFs via theone or more links might comprise sending one or more VNFs from one ofthe one or more internal NFV entities or the one or more external NFVentities to the other of the one or more internal NFV entities or theone or more external NFV entities, via the one or more links.Alternatively, providing access to the one or more VNFs via the one ormore links might comprise providing at least one of the one or moreinternal NFV entities or the one or more external NFV entities withaccess to one or more VNFs running on the other of the one or moreinternal NFV entities or the one or more external NFV entities, withoutsending the one or more VNFs from the other of the one or more internalNFV entities or the one or more external NFV entities to the one of theone or more internal NFV entities or the one or more external NFVentities. In some embodiments, providing access to the one or more VNFsvia the one or more links might comprise providing, via theinterconnection gateway device, access to one or more VNFs via the oneor more links. In other embodiments, providing access to the one or moreVNFs via the one or more links might comprise providing access to one ormore VNFs, via peering connection between each of the one or moreinternal NFV entities and a corresponding one of the one or moreexternal NFV entities. In yet other embodiments, providing access to theone or more VNFs via the one or more links might comprise bursting,using an application programming interface (“API”), one or more VNFsfrom one of the one or more internal NFV entities or the one or moreexternal NFV entities to another of the one or more internal NFVentities or the one or more external NFV entities.

Merely by way of example, in some instances, each of the one or moreinternal NFV entities might comprise at least one of a NFV orchestrator,a network functions virtualization infrastructure (“NFVI”) system, a NFVmanagement and orchestration (“MANO”) system, a VNF manager, a NFVresource manager, a virtualized infrastructure manager (“VIM”), avirtual machine (“VM”), a macro orchestrator, or a domain orchestrator,and/or the like. In some cases, each of the one or more external NFVentities might comprise at least one of a NFV orchestrator, a NFVIsystem, a NFV MANO system, a VNF manager, a NFV resource manager, a VIM,a VM, a macro orchestrator, or a domain orchestrator, and/or the like.In some embodiments, each of the one or more external NFV entities mightcomprise a device that is configured to request execution of VNFs and toaccess the VNFs being executed on corresponding one of the one or moreinternal NFV entities, without at least one of capacity or capability tolocally execute the VNFs.

According to some embodiments, the interconnection gateway device mightcomprise a physical gateway device, a gateway application hosted on adistributed computing platform, a gateway application hosted on a cloudcomputing platform, a VNF-based gateway application hosted on acentralized gateway hardware system, a gateway application hosted on aserver, a VNF-based gateway application hosted on a computing device, oran external network-to-network interface (“E-NNI”) device. In somecases, the first set of network connection information might compriseinformation regarding at least one of latency, jitter, bandwidth, packetloss, nodal connectivity, compute resources, storage resources, memorycapacity, routing, operations support systems (“OSS”), or businesssupport systems (“BSS”), and/or the like, while the second set ofnetwork connection information might comprise information regarding atleast one of latency, jitter, bandwidth, packet loss, nodalconnectivity, compute resources, storage resources, memory capacity,routing, OSS, or BSS, and/or the like. In some instances, the first setof network connection information might comprise information regardingat least one of fault, configuration, accounting, performance, orsecurity (“FCAPS”), while the second set of network connectioninformation might comprise information regarding at least one of fault,configuration, accounting, performance, or security (“FCAPS”).

In various embodiments, the method might further comprise bursting atleast one VNF of the one or more VNFs from a first pod to a second pod,based at least in part on one or more of time of day, geographicinformation, expected usage throughout a day, expected changes in usagethroughout a day, one or more performance characteristics, or changes inone or more performance characteristics. Each of the first pod and thesecond pod might comprise physical hardware resources that are part ofone of an internal NFV entity of the one or more internal NFV entitiesor an external NFV entity of the one or more external NFV entities.

In some embodiments, the method might further comprise service chainingtwo or more VNFs together to provide a single network service. In somecases, the two or more VNFs might comprise at least one first servicechained VNF provided by at least one internal NFV entity of the one ormore internal NFV entities and at least one second service chained VNFprovided by at least one external NFV entity of the one or more externalNFV entities, and service chaining the two or more VNFs together toprovide a single network service might comprise service chaining the atleast one first service chained VNF and the at least one second servicechained VNF together to provide the single network service. In someinstances, the two or more VNFs might comprise two or more servicechained VNFs provided by only one of at least one internal NFV entity ofthe one or more internal NFV entities or at least one external NFVentity of the one or more external NFV entities, and service chainingthe two or more VNFs together to provide a single network service mightcomprise service chaining the two or more service chained VNFs providedby only one of at least one internal NFV entity of the one or moreinternal NFV entities or at least one external NFV entity of the one ormore external NFV entities.

In some cases, the method might further comprise sending, with theinterconnection gateway device and to at least one of the one or moreexternal NFV entities, a service catalog indicating at least one of aplurality of VNFs, a plurality of application programming interfaces(“APIs”), or a plurality of services offered by the one or more internalNFV entities. According to some embodiments, receiving the second set ofnetwork connection information might comprise receiving, with theinterconnection gateway device, the second set of network connectioninformation from the one or more external NFV entities via a secondinterconnection gateway device located within the second network. Insome instances, the method might further comprise sending, with theinterconnection gateway device and to at least one of the one or moreexternal NFV entities via the second interconnection gateway device, aservice catalog indicating at least one of a plurality of VNFs, aplurality of application programming interfaces (“APIs”), or a pluralityof services offered by the one or more internal NFV entities.

According to some embodiments, the first set of abstracted networkconnection information might include fine-grained information that ishidden from the one or more external NFV entities, while the second setof abstracted network connection information might includecoarse-grained information that is public information. In someembodiments, the method might further comprise certifying, with theinterconnection gateway device, the one or more VNFs, and storing, withthe interconnection gateway device, a record of the one or more VNFsthat are certified in a database in communication with theinterconnection gateway device.

In another aspect, a system might comprise an interconnection gatewaydevice located within a first network, one or more internal networkfunctions virtualization (“NFV”) entities located within the firstnetwork, and one or more external NFV entities located within a secondnetwork that is external to the first network. The interconnectiongateway device might comprise at least one first processor, at least onefirst data storage device in communication with the at least one firstprocessor (the at least one first data storage device having data storedthereon), and at least one first non-transitory computer readable mediumin communication with the at least one first processor and with the atleast one first data storage device. The at least one firstnon-transitory computer readable medium might have stored thereoncomputer software comprising a first set of instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one first processor, causes the interconnectiongateway device to perform one or more functions. Each of the one or moreinternal NFV entities might comprise at least one second processor, atleast one second data storage device in communication with the at leastone second processor (the at least one second data storage device havingdata stored thereon), at least one second non-transitory computerreadable medium in communication with the at least one second processorand with the at least one second data storage device. The at least onesecond non-transitory computer readable medium might have stored thereoncomputer software comprising a second set of instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one second processor, causes the internal NFVentity to perform one or more functions. Each of the one or moreexternal NFV entities might comprise at least one third processor, atleast one third data storage device in communication with the at leastone third processor (the at least one third data storage device havingdata stored thereon), at least one third non-transitory computerreadable medium in communication with the at least one third processorand with the at least one third data storage device, the at least onethird non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereoncomputer software comprising a third set of instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one third processor, causes the external NFVentity to perform one or more functions.

The second set of instructions might comprise instructions for sending afirst set of network connection information to the interconnectiongateway device, while the third set of instructions might compriseinstructions for sending a second set of network connection informationto the interconnection gateway device. The first set of instructionsmight comprise instructions for receiving, from the one or more internalNFV entities, the first set of network connection information,instructions for receiving, from the one or more external NFV entities,the second set of network connection information, instructions forabstracting the first set of network connection information to generatea first set of abstracted network connection information, andinstructions for abstracting the second set of network connectioninformation to generate a second set of abstracted network connectioninformation. Each of the first set of abstracted network connectioninformation and the second set of abstracted network connectioninformation might be abstracted to be independent of any particular NFVentity in any network. The first set of instructions might furthercomprise instructions for establishing one or more links between each ofthe one or more internal NFV entities and each corresponding one of theone or more external NFV entities, based at least in part on one or moreof the first set of abstracted network connection information or thesecond set of abstracted network connection information, andinstructions for providing access to one or more virtualized networkfunctions (“VNFs”) via the one or more links. The second set ofinstructions might further comprise instructions for accessing, sending,or receiving the one or more VNFs via the one or more links, while thethird set of instructions might further comprise instructions foraccessing, receiving, or sending the one or more VNFs via the one ormore links.

In some cases, the first network might be associated with a firstservice provider, while the second network might be associated with asecond service provider separate from the first service provider. Insome embodiments, each of the one or more internal NFV entities mightcomprise at least one of a NFV orchestrator, a network functionsvirtualization infrastructure (“NFVI”) system, a NFV management andorchestration (“MANO”) system, a VNF manager, a NFV resource manager, avirtualized infrastructure manager (“VIM”), a virtual machine (“VM”), amacro orchestrator, or a domain orchestrator, and/or the like. Each ofthe one or more external NFV entities might comprise at least one of aNFV orchestrator, a NFVI system, a NFV MANO system, a VNF manager, a NFVresource manager, a VIM, a VM, a macro orchestrator, or a domainorchestrator, and/or the like, and each of the one or more third NFVentities might comprise at least one of a NFV orchestrator, a NFVIsystem, a NFV MANO system, a VNF manager, a NFV resource manager, a VIM,a VM, a macro orchestrator, or a domain orchestrator, and/or the like.

According to some embodiments, the interconnection gateway device mightcomprise a physical gateway device, a gateway application hosted on adistributed computing platform, a gateway application hosted on a cloudcomputing platform, a VNF-based gateway application hosted on acentralized gateway hardware system, a gateway application hosted on aserver, a VNF-based gateway application hosted on a computing device, oran external network-to-network interface (“E-NNI”) device, and/or thelike.

Merely by way of example, in some embodiments, the first set ofinstructions might further comprise instructions for bursting at leastone VNF of the one or more VNFs from a first pod to a second pod, basedat least in part on one or more of time of day, geographic information,expected usage throughout a day, expected changes in usage throughout aday, one or more performance characteristics, or changes in one or moreperformance characteristics. Each of the first pod and the second podmight comprise physical hardware resources that are part of one of aninternal NFV entity of the one or more internal NFV entities or anexternal NFV entity of the one or more external NFV entities.

In some embodiments, the first set of instructions might furthercomprise instructions for service chaining two or more VNFs together toprovide a single network service. According some embodiments, the firstset of instructions might further comprise instructions for sending, toat least one of the one or more external NFV entities, a service catalogindicating at least one of a plurality of VNFs, a plurality ofapplication programming interfaces (“APIs”), or a plurality of servicesoffered by the one or more internal NFV entities. In variousembodiments, the first set of instructions might further compriseinstructions for certifying the one or more VNFs and instructions forstoring a record of the one or more VNFs that are certified in adatabase in communication with the interconnection gateway device.

In yet another aspect, an interconnection gateway device might compriseat least one processor, at least one data storage device incommunication with the at least one processor (the at least one datastorage device having data stored thereon), and at least onenon-transitory computer readable medium in communication with the atleast one processor and the at least one data storage device. The atleast one non-transitory computer readable medium might have storedthereon computer software comprising a set of instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one processor, causes the interconnectiongateway device to perform one or more functions. The set of instructionsmight comprise instructions for receiving, from one or more internalnetwork functions virtualization (“NFV”) entities, a first set ofnetwork connection information and instructions for receiving, from oneor more external NFV entities, a second set of network connectioninformation. Each of the one or more internal NFV entities might belocated within the first network in which the interconnection gatewaydevice is located, while each of the one or more external NFV entitiesmight be located within a second network external to the first network.

The set of instructions might also comprise instructions for abstractingthe first set of network connection information to generate a first setof abstracted network connection information and instructions forabstracting the second set of network connection information to generatea second set of abstracted network connection information. Each of thefirst set of abstracted network connection information and the secondset of abstracted network connection information might be abstracted tobe independent of any particular NFV entity in any network. The set ofinstructions might further comprise instructions for establishing one ormore links between each of the one or more internal NFV entities andeach corresponding one of the one or more external NFV entities, basedat least in part on one or more of the first set of abstracted networkconnection information or the second set of abstracted networkconnection information. The set of instructions might additionallycomprise instructions for providing access to one or more virtualizednetwork functions (“VNFs”) via the one or more links.

According to some embodiments, each of the one or more internal NFVentities might comprise at least one of a NFV orchestrator, a networkfunctions virtualization infrastructure (“NFVI”) system, a NFVmanagement and orchestration (“MANO”) system, a VNF manager, a NFVresource manager, a virtualized infrastructure manager (“VIM”), avirtual machine (“VM”), a macro orchestrator, or a domain orchestrator,and/or the like.

In some cases, the set of instructions might further compriseinstructions for bursting at least one VNF of the one or more VNFs froma first pod to a second pod, based at least in part on one or more oftime of day, geographic information, expected usage throughout a day,expected changes in usage throughout a day, one or more performancecharacteristics, or changes in one or more performance characteristics,and/or the like. Each of the first pod and the second pod might comprisephysical hardware resources that are part of one of an internal NFVentity of the one or more internal NFV entities or an external NFVentity of the one or more external NFV entities.

In some instances, the set of instructions might further compriseinstructions for service chaining two or more VNFs together to provide asingle network service. In some embodiments, the set of instructionsmight further comprise instructions for sending, to at least one of theone or more external NFV entities, a service catalog indicating at leastone of a plurality of VNFs, a plurality of application programminginterfaces (“APIs”), or a plurality of services offered by the one ormore internal NFV entities.

Merely by way of example, in some cases, the set of instructions mightfurther comprise instructions for certifying the one or more VNFs andinstructions for storing a record of the one or more VNFs that arecertified in a database in communication with the interconnectiongateway device.

Various modifications and additions can be made to the embodimentsdiscussed without departing from the scope of the invention. Forexample, while the embodiments described above refer to particularfeatures, the scope of this invention also includes embodiments havingdifferent combination of features and embodiments that do not includeall of the above described features.

In some aspects, a NFVIG might sit on each side of two service providernetworks associated with two service providers that would like to have aNFV interconnection (for reasons including, but not limited to, customerroaming services, customer nomadic services, wholesale play, disasterrecovery, offloading, service bureau operations, or networkoperator/service provider cooperation, and/or the like). Such a NFVIGmight in effect be a super-gateway or a gateway complex withsub-gateways as part of it that might handle appropriatesub-interconnections, including, without limitation, OSS/BSS, VNF, NFVI,orchestrator, VNF managers, virtualized infrastructure manager, and/orthe like. Some key functions of the NFVIG might include, but are notlimited to, providing key gateway functions, including, withoutlimitation, security, quality of service (“QoS”), information hiding,billing information collection, fault isolation/zoning, and/or the like.The interconnections might take the form of APIs, other interconnectionprotocols (preferably defined as industry standard(s)), and/or the like.Once NFV is widely deployed, some scenarios for utilizing orimplementing (widely deployed) NFVIG might include, but are not limitedto, overload/offload, third party contract implementation,regulatory/unbundling mandates, multi-service provider collaborations,company merger transitions, and/or the like.

In various aspects, the NFVIG (or similar functionality) might be usedin a hub or centralized service bureau (or clearing house) mode in whichmany network operators can interconnect with many networkoperators—versus the NFVIG, which (as described herein) is a one-to-onenetwork operator interconnection model. The NFVIH might providemany-to-many operator interconnections at the NFVIH or might provideindirect interconnection by simply providing the availability and/orrouting information for on-demand (or scheduled) operator-to-operatorinterconnection outside of the NFVIH (in effect facilitated by theNFVIH). Once NFVIGs (or NFV interconnection via other methods) becomewidely adopted, scalability and ancillary service (including, withoutlimitation, billing, availability, routing, etc.) will be needed forwide interconnection. The NFVIH or similar functionalities (as describedherein) provide solutions for this.

For network management and control, e.g., for large scale applicationsinvolved with implementing NFV interconnection gateway and/or hubfunctionalities, the following techniques and/or technologies, amongother similar techniques and/or technologies, can facilitate NFVinterconnection and/or VNF access provision: Software Defined Networking(“SDN”); Deep Packet Inspection (“DPI”); Network FunctionsVirtualization (“NFV”) with Management and Orchestration; ServiceChaining/Forwarding Graphs; and/or the like.

Herein, a “hypervisor” might refer to a virtual machine manager (“VMM”),which might be a component of computer software, firmware, and/orhardware that creates and runs virtual machines. The “hypervisor” mightrun one or more VMs on a computer defined as a “host machine,” and eachof the one or more VMs might be defined as a “guest machine.” Inoperation, the “hypervisor” might provide the “guest machines” oroperating systems of the “guest machines” with a virtual operatingplatform, and might manage the execution of the “guest machine”operating systems.

In some embodiments, rather than (or in addition to) a VM system,containers may be utilized for virtualization functionalities. A“container” might refer to a virtual construct that is similar to avirtual machine, except that, in some embodiments, containers (within ahost computing system) share the same operating system, and thus do notneed to run multiple instances of the operating system (as in the caseof VMs in a host computing system). Accordingly, containers may besmaller in size and may be more efficient to run compared with VMs orhypervisors.

The term “business support system” (“BSS”) might refer to componentsthat a service provider (such as a telephone operator ortelecommunications company) might use to run its business operations,including, for example, taking orders, handling payment issues, ordealing with revenues, and the like. BSS might generally cover the fourmain areas of product management, customer management, revenuemanagement, and order management. In a related manner, the term“operations support system” (“OSS”) might refer to components used bytelecommunications service providers to deal with the telecommunicationsnetwork itself, supporting processes including, but not limited to,maintaining network inventory, provisioning services, configuringnetwork components, managing faults, and the like. The two systemsfunctioning together might be referred to as “BSS/OSS.”

An “application programming interface” (“API”) might refer to a protocolintended to be used as an interface by software components tocommunicate with each other.

“Virtualization” might refer to a process of mapping hardware resourcesto create “virtual machine resource” within the framework of the VMs sothat the VM environment may utilize the hardware resources. For example,each of the north, south, east, and west interfaces are parts ofphysical and/or virtual links that have been apportioned or“virtualized” to an application as a port to the application, whichmight be associated with various external components (i.e., BSS/OSS,AIN, second autonomous systems, customers, and the like) via thehardware or host system on which the VM is running. A virtualizationcongestion control frameworks might be as described in detail in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/531,000 (the “'000 application”), filedNov. 3, 2014 by Michael K. Bugenhagen, entitled, “Physical to VirtualNetwork Transport Function Abstraction” and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 14/061,147 (the “'147 application”), filed Oct. 23, 2013 by MichaelK. Bugenhagen, entitled, “Virtualization Congestion Control Framework,”which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/060,450 (the “'450 application”), filed Oct. 22, 2013 byMichael K. Bugenhagen, entitled, “Virtualization Congestion ControlFramework,” the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety for all purposes. One or more infrastructurecomponents of these virtualization congestion control frameworks may, insome non-limiting embodiment, be utilized in implementing physical tovirtual network transport function abstraction, as discussed in the '000application.

Specific Exemplary Embodiments

We now turn to the embodiments as illustrated by the drawings. FIGS.1-11 illustrate some of the features of the method, system, andapparatus for implementing interconnection gateway and/or hubfunctionalities between or among two or more network functionsvirtualization (“NFV”) entities that are located in different networks,as referred to above. FIGS. 1-4 illustrate some of the features of themethod, system, and apparatus for implementing interconnection gatewayfunctionality between a first set of NFV entities in a first network anda second set of NFV entities in a second network, while FIGS. 5-9illustrate some of the features of the method, system, and apparatus forimplementing interconnection hub functionality among a first set of NFVentities in a first network, a second set of NFV entities in a secondnetwork, through an N^(th) set of NFV entities in an N^(th) network orfor implementing hub-to-hub interconnection among a firstinterconnection hub in a first external network, a secondinterconnection hub in a second external network, through an N^(th)interconnection hub in an N^(th) external network, and FIGS. 10 and 11illustrate exemplary system and hardware implementation. The methods,systems, and apparatuses illustrated by FIGS. 1-11 refer to examples ofdifferent embodiments that include various components and steps, whichcan be considered alternatives or which can be used in conjunction withone another in the various embodiments. The description of theillustrated methods, systems, and apparatuses shown in FIGS. 1-11 isprovided for purposes of illustration and should not be considered tolimit the scope of the different embodiments.

NFV Interconnection Gateway Implementation

With reference to the figures, FIGS. 1A and 1B (collectively, “FIG. 1”)are schematic diagrams illustrating various systems for implementinginterconnection gateway functionality between a first set of networkfunctions virtualization (“NFV”) entities in a first network and asecond set of NFV entities in a second network, in accordance withvarious embodiments.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1A, system 100 might comprise a first network105 a and a second network 105 b, which are respectively associated witha first service provider 110 a and a second service provider 110 b.System 100 might further comprise a NFV interconnection gateway or aninterconnection gateway device 115 and one or more first NFV entities,both of which are located within the first network 105 a. The one ormore first NFV entities, according to some embodiments, might include,without limitation, one or more of a NFV resource manager 120, a firstNFV Infrastructure (“NFVI”) system 125 a, a NFV orchestrator 130, a NFVmanagement and orchestration (“MANO”) architectural framework or system135, a virtual network function (“VNF”) manager 140, a virtualinfrastructure manager (“VIM”) 145, and/or other first NFV entities 150a. In some instances, the NFV MANO system 135, the VNF manager 140, theVIM 145, and/or the other first NFV entities 150 a might be part of theNFV orchestrator 130. In alternative instances, one or more of the NFVMANO system 135, the VNF manager 140, the VIM 145, and/or the otherfirst NFV entities 150 a might be separate from, but in communicationwith, the NFV orchestrator 130. In some cases, the other first NFVentities 150 a might include, but are not limited to, a virtual machine(“VM”), a macro orchestrator, a domain orchestrator, a god orchestrator,and/or the like.

System 100 might further comprise one or more second NFV entitieslocated within the second network 105 b. The one or more second NFVentities might include a second NFVI system 125 b and one or more othersecond NFV entities 150 b, which might include, without limitation, oneor more of a VM, a macro orchestrator, a domain orchestrator, a godorchestrator, and/or the like. In some embodiments, the NFVinterconnection gateway 115 might be an application running on a cloudplatform, while in some cases might be part of any NFV entity that needsto interconnect with another NFV platform (e.g., MANO system, NFVI, VNF,etc.). In some instances, the interconnection gateway 115 might haveboth a physical component and a virtual component. The physicalcomponent might primarily be the physical interface between two or morenetworks of different service providers, while the virtual componentmight be an NFV entity that is hosted within the service provider'snetwork. In some cases, it may be possible that each participatingservice provider could have an NFV hosted in its respective network, butthat is not required. According to some embodiments, an NFV entity mightbe split into a portion completely under the control of an owningservice provider. The owning service provider can then establish a setof functions that are available to other service providers viaapplication programming interfaces (“APIs”) to tailor their specificneeds at the interconnection gateway. The owning service provider mightensure that the function(s) provided and the APIs provided enablefunctionality to other service providers, while also protecting theowning service provider network from nefarious activities. In general,the NFV interconnection gateway, which could be centralized ordistributed within one network, might provide one-to-one NFVinterconnection between two service provider networks.

In operation, the NFV interconnection gateway 115 might receive a firstset of network connection information from at least one of the one ormore first NFV entities 120-150 a via links 155 (which are representedin FIG. 1 as dash lines). The NFV interconnection gateway 115 might alsoreceive a second set of network connection information from at least oneof the one or more second NFV entities 125 b and the other second NFVentities 150 b via links 160 (which are represented in FIG. 1 asdot-dash lines) that extend between the first network 105 a and thesecond network 105 b. The NFV interconnection gateway 115 might abstractthe first set of network connection information and the second set ofnetwork connection information to generate a first set of abstractednetwork connection information and a second set of abstracted networkconnection information, respectively. The NFV interconnection gateway115 might establish one or more links 165 between each of the one ormore first NFV entities and each corresponding one of the one or moresecond NFV entities (in this case between the first and second NFVIsystems 125 a and 125 b, and between the other first NFV entity 150 aand the other second NFV entity 150 b), based at least in part on one ormore of the first set of abstracted network connection information orthe second set of abstracted network connection information.

The NFV interconnection gateway 115 might subsequently provide access toone or more VNFs via the one or more links 165 (which are represented inFIG. 1 as long dash lines) that extend between the first network 105 aand the second network 105 b. In general, access can be either localaccess (e.g., a copy of the VNF is transferred to the NFV entity of thesecond network and is run on resources in the second network) or remoteaccess (e.g., the VNF is run on the owning service provider's networkresources (in this example, the first network) and the second NFV entityis provided with access to the VNF running on the owning serviceprovider's network resources). In some cases, providing access to theone or more VNFs might include, without limitation, one or more ofproviding at least one second NFV entity of the one or more second NFVentities 125 b and 150 b with access to one or more VNFs running on atleast one first NFV entity of the one or more first NFV entities 120-150a or providing at least one first NFV entity of the one or more firstNFV entities 120-150 a with access to one or more VNFs running on atleast one second NFV entity of the one or more second NFV entities 125 band 150 b, without sending the one or more VNFs from one to the other ofthe first or second NFV entities; sending one or more VNFs from at leastone second NFV entity of the one or more second NFV entities 125 b and150 b to at least one first NFV entity of the one or more first NFVentities 120-150 a, or vice versa; providing access, via theinterconnection gateway device 115, to the one or more VNFs; providingaccess to one or more VNFs, via peering connection between each of theone or more first NFV entities and each corresponding one of the one ormore second NFV entities (in this case between the first and second NFVIsystems 125 a and 125 b, and/or between the other first NFV entity 150 aand the other second NFV entity 150 b, or the like); bursting, using anapplication programming interface (“API”), one or more VNFs from atleast one first NFV entity to at least one second NFV entity, or viceversa; and/or the like.

Merely by way of example, in some embodiments, each of one or moresecond NFV entities might be without the capacity and/or capability tolocally execute the one or more VNFs, and might comprise a device thatis configured to request execution of VNFs and to access the VNFs beingexecuted on corresponding one of the one or more first NFV entities.

In alternative embodiments, as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 1B, boththe first network 105 a and the second network 105 b might include NFVinterconnection gateway devices 115 a and 115 b (collectively,“interconnection gateway devices 115”). In such embodiments, system 100might further comprise the second NFV interconnection gateway orinterconnection gateway device 115 b located in the second network 105b, as well as one or more second NFV entities, which are located in thesecond network 105 b. In some embodiments, each of the NFVinterconnection gateway devices 115 might include, without limitation,one or more of a physical gateway device, a gateway application hostedon a distributed computing platform, a gateway application hosted on acloud computing platform, a VNF-based gateway application hosted on acentralized gateway hardware system, a gateway application hosted on aserver, a VNF-based gateway application hosted on a computing device, anexternal network-to-network interface (“E-NNI”) device, and/or the like.

The NFV interconnection gateway device 115, the NFV resource manager120, the NFV orchestrator 130, the NFV MANO system 135, the VNF manager140, and the VIM 145 of FIG. 1A might be referred to in FIG. 1B as thefirst interconnection gateway device 115 a, the first NFV resourcemanager 120 a, the first NFV orchestrator 130 a, the first NFV MANOsystem 135 a, the first VNF manager 140 a, and the first VIM 145 a.

The one or more second NFV entities might include, but are not limitedto, one or more of a second NFV resource manager 120 b, the second NFVIsystem 125 b, a second NFV orchestrator 130 b, a second NFV MANO system135 b, a second VNF manager 140 b, a second VIM 145 b, and/or the othersecond NFV entities 150 b. In some instances, the second NFV MANO system135 b, the second VNF manager 140 b, the second VIM 145 b, and/or theother second NFV entities 150 b might be part of the second NFVorchestrator 130 b. In alternative instances, one or more of the secondNFV MANO system 135 b, the second VNF manager 140 b, the second VIM 145b, and/or the other second NFV entities 150 b might be separate from,but in communication with, the second NFV orchestrator 130 b.

In operation, the embodiment of FIG. 1B might be similar to theembodiment of FIG. 1A, except that each interconnection gateway device115 receives network connection information from local NFV entities(i.e., NFV entities located in the same network as the particularinterconnection gateway device) over links 155. If the first NFVinterconnection gateway 115 a is performing interconnection gatewayfunctionalities, it might request and might receive the second set ofnetwork connection information from the one or more second NFV entitiesvia the second NFV interconnection gateway 115 b, which might, in somecases, abstract the second set of network connection information fromeach of the one or more second NFV entities prior to sending the networkconnection information, and might send the second set of abstractednetwork connection information to the first NFV interconnection gateway115 a via links 160. In alternative cases, the second NFVinterconnection gateway 115 b might send the second set of networkconnection information to the first NFV interconnection gateway 115 avia links 160, without abstracting the second set of network connectioninformation. Based at least in part on one or more of the first set ofabstracted network connection information or the second set ofabstracted network connection information, the first NFV interconnectiongateway 115 a might establish the one or more links 165 (i.e., betweenthe first and second NFV resource managers 120, between the first andsecond NFVI systems 125, between the first and second NFV orchestrators130, between the first and second NFV MANO systems 135, between thefirst and second VNF managers 140, between the first and second VIMs145, and between the other first and second NFV entities 150, and/or thelike). The first NFV interconnection gateway device 115 a might provideaccess to one or more VNFs in a manner similar to that as describedabove with respect to FIG. 1A. Although the above embodiment has beendescribed with respect to the first NFV interconnection gateway device115 a performing the interconnection gateway functionalities, thevarious embodiments are not so limited and the second NFVinterconnection gateway device 115 b might perform the interconnectiongateway functionalities. In alternative embodiments, each NFVinterconnection gateway device 115 a and 115 b might each perform someof the interconnection gateway functionalities, as appropriate.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating another system for implementinginterconnection gateway functionality between a first set of NFVentities in a first network and a second set of NFV entities in a secondnetwork, in accordance with various embodiments. FIG. 2 is similar tothe embodiment of FIG. 1B, except that FIG. 2 depicts processors, datastorage devices, and memory devices within each of the NFVinterconnection gateway devices 115 and in each of the NFV entities 220.In particular, as shown in FIG. 2, the first NFV interconnection gatewaydevice 115 a might include, without limitation, a processor(s) 205 a, adata storage device(s) 210 a, and a memory device(s) 215 a that are allinterconnected with each other. Likewise, the second NFV interconnectiongateway device 115 b might include, without limitation, a processor(s)205 b, a data storage device(s) 210 b, and a memory device(s) 215 b thatare all interconnected with each other. The data storage device(s) 210might store data that is transmitted or received from the NFVinterconnection gateway 115 a or 115 b, while the memory device(s) 215might be a non-transitory computer readable medium that stores computersoftware comprising a set of instructions that, when executed by thecorresponding processor(s) 205, causes the corresponding interconnectiongateway device 115 to perform one or more functions (such as those asdescribed herein with respect to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 4A-4C, or the like).

In a similar manner, each of the first NFV entity(ies) 220 a mightinclude, but is not limited to, a processor(s) 225 a, a data storagedevice(s) 230 a, and a memory device(s) 235 a that are allinterconnected with each other. Likewise, each of the second NFVentity(ies) 220 b might include, but is not limited to, a processor(s)225 b, a data storage device(s) 230 b, and a memory device(s) 235 b thatare all interconnected with each other. The data storage device(s) 230might store data that is transmitted or received from the NFV entity 220a or 220 b, while the memory device(s) 235 might be a non-transitorycomputer readable medium that stores computer software comprising a setof instructions that, when executed by the processor(s) 225, causes theNFV entity 220 to perform one or more functions (such as those asdescribed below with respect to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 4A-4C, or the like).

The techniques and configurations of FIG. 2 are otherwise similar, ifnot identical to, the techniques and configurations as described abovewith respect to FIG. 1, and the descriptions of the embodiment of FIG. 1may similarly be applicable to those of the embodiment of FIG. 2 (unlessincompatible, inconsistent, or otherwise stated as being different).

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating yet another system forimplementing interconnection gateway functionality between a first setof NFV entities in a first network and a second set of NFV entities in asecond network, in accordance with various embodiments. FIG. 3 issimilar to the embodiment of FIG. 1A, except that FIG. 3 depicts aplurality of pods in each of the first and second NFVI systems 125. Insome embodiments, each pod might represent and/or include physicalhardware resources that are part of the first or second NFVI system 125a or 125 b or that are part of an external NFV entity (i.e., an NFVentity that is external to the first NFV entities or external to thesecond NFV entities, or that is external to the first and secondnetworks 105 a and 105 b). In some cases, each pod might represent arack of network communications equipment (e.g., compute resource,storage resource, etc.) within a telecommunications facility (e.g.,DSLAM, CO, POP, Tera-POP, etc.) associated with one of the serviceproviders 110.

Turning back to the embodiment of FIG. 3, the first NFVI system 125 amight include a first pod 305 a, a second pod 305 b, through an N^(th)pod 305 n (collectively, “pods 305”), while the second NFVI system 125 bmight include a first pod 310 a, a second pod 310 b, through an N^(th)pod 310 n (collectively, “pods 310”).

In operation, the NFV interconnection gateway device 115 might burst atleast one VNF from a first pod to a second pod, based at least in parton one or more of time of day, geographic usage throughout a day, one ormore performance characteristics (including, without limitation,latency, jitter, bandwidth, compute resource usage, storage resourceusage, memory resource usage, and/or the like), or changes in one ormore performance characteristics, and/or the like. In some embodiments,the first and second pods might be within the first NFVI system 125 a,to allow the first service provider 110 a that is providing theinterconnection gateway functionality to internally burst the at leastone VNF among its own physical hardware resources. In alternativeembodiments, the interconnection gateway device 115 might burst the atleast one VNF from any of the pods 305 a-305 n and 310 a-310 n to anyother of the pods 305 a-305 n and 310 a-310 n. Bursting to a pod in thesecond network 105 b (i.e., pods 310 a-310 n) might allow for morelocalized execution of VNFs closer to a customer.

Although each of the first NFVI 125 a and the second NFVI 125 b isdepicted as a single component in the network, this is merely tosimplify illustration, but the various embodiments are not so limited,and each NFVI 125 may be embodied as any suitable number of NFVI systemswithin its respective network 105. In some embodiments, each of the NFVIsystems 125 might include, without limitation, hardware resourceslocated at a customer premises (e.g., hardware resources in networkequipment at a residential customer premises; hardware resources inother wireless or wireline customer premises equipment (“CPE”);resources in a customer's mobile devices or other user devices; hardwareresources in telecommunications closet(s) or room(s) at a multi-dwellingunit; hardware resources in telecommunications closet(s) or room(s) at acommercial customer premises; and/or the like), at a digital subscriberline access multiplexer (“DSLAM”) (e.g., hardware resources intelecommunications or equipment rack(s) at the DSLAM; and/or the like),at a central office (“CO”) (e.g., hardware resources intelecommunications rack(s) at the CO; and/or the like), at a point ofpresence (“POP”) with the network, at a Tera-POP (i.e., a POP that iscapable of terabit per second (i.e., at least 1 trillion bits persecond) data transfer speeds), or the like.

In a non-limiting example, based on information regarding usage atdifferent times of day, geographic usage throughout a day, one or moreperformance characteristics (including, without limitation, latency,jitter, bandwidth, compute resource usage, storage resource usage,memory resource usage, and/or the like), or changes in one or moreperformance characteristics, and/or the like, the interconnectiongateway device 115 might burst VNFs associated with a user's business orwork to pods within the user's work premises or at a DSLAM or CO that islocal to the user's work premises, just before the user typicallyarrives at work (e.g., between about 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. on weekdaymornings). During the user's typical lunch break, the interconnectiongateway device 115 might burst VNFs associated with the user's mediacontent (e.g., media content playback VNFs, etc.), news resources (e.g.,news gathering VNFs, sports information gathering VNFs, etc.), and/orthe like to pods within the user's work premises (if the user typicallyeats at work), to a DSLAM or CO that is local to the user's workpremises (if the user typically eats at or near work), or the like.After the user's typical lunch hour, the interconnection gateway device115 might burst VNFs associated with the user's media content, newsresources, and/or the like to pods at the CO, POP, Tera-POP, or thelike. When the user typical leaves work (e.g., for home; such as after 6p.m.), the interconnection gateway device 115 might burst the VNFsassociated with the user's media content, news resources, and/or thelike to pods at the user's residential premises, at a DSLAM or CO nearthe user's residential premises, and/or the like, and might burst theVNFs associated with the user's business or work to pods at the CO, POP,Tera-POP, or the like. In the middle of the night (e.g., between 11 p.m.and 5 a.m.), the interconnection gateway device 115 might burst VNFsassociated with backup software applications to pods that are closer tothe user's work premises and/or to the user's residential premises, toback up the user's work and/or personal/entertainment data, or the like.Also in the middle of the night, the interconnection gateway device 115might burst VNFs associated with third party computational cycles topods closer to the user's work premises and/or the user's residentialpremises, to utilize unused or underutilized compute and/or data storageresources, or the like.

The techniques and configurations of FIG. 3 are otherwise similar, ifnot identical to, the techniques and configurations as described abovewith respect to FIG. 1, and the descriptions of the embodiment of FIG. 1may similarly be applicable to those of the embodiment of FIG. 3 (unlessincompatible, inconsistent, or otherwise stated as being different).

FIGS. 4A-4C (collectively, “FIG. 4”) represent a system flow diagramillustrating a method for implementing interconnection gatewayfunctionality between a first set of NFV entities in a first network anda second set of NFV entities in a second network, in accordance withvarious embodiments. The embodiments as represented in FIG. 4 are merelyillustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of the variousembodiments. With reference to FIG. 4, method 400 in FIG. 4A continuesonto FIG. 4B, linked by circular markers denoted by “A.” FIG. 4Cillustrates alternative embodiments for providing access to one or moreVNFs in block 430 of FIG. 4A.

While the techniques and procedures are depicted and/or described in acertain order for purposes of illustration, it should be appreciatedthat certain procedures may be reordered and/or omitted within the scopeof various embodiments. Moreover, while the method illustrated by FIG. 4can be implemented by or with (and, in some cases, are described belowwith respect to) the systems 100-300 of FIGS. 1-3, respectively (orcomponents thereof), such methods may also be implemented using anysuitable hardware implementation. Similarly, while each of the systems100-300 (and/or components thereof) of FIGS. 1-3, respectively, canoperate according to the method illustrated by FIG. 4 (e.g., byexecuting instructions embodied on a computer readable medium), thesystems 100-300 can each also operate according to other modes ofoperation and/or perform other suitable procedures.

In the embodiment of FIG. 4, method 400, at block 405, might comprisereceiving, with an interconnection gateway device within a first networkand from one or more internal network functions virtualization (“NFV”)entities, a first set of network connection information. Each of the oneor more internal NFV entities might be located within the first network.At block 410, method 400 might comprise receiving, with theinterconnection gateway device and from one or more external NFVentities in a second network (in some cases, via a secondinterconnection gateway device in the second network), a second set ofnetwork connection information. According to some embodiments, the firstnetwork might be associated with a first service provider, and thesecond network might be associated with a second service providerseparate from the first service provider.

In some cases, the first set of network connection information and/orthe second set of network connection information might each compriseinformation regarding at least one of latency, jitter, bandwidth, packetloss, nodal connectivity, compute resources, storage resources, memorycapacity, routing, operations support systems (“OSS”), or businesssupport systems (“BSS”), additional services (e.g., firewall, security,parental control functionality, etc.), and/or the like. In someinstances, the first set of network connection information and/or thesecond set of network connection information might each, alternativelyor additionally, comprise information regarding at least one of fault,configuration, accounting, performance, or security (“FCAPS”), whichmight include, without limitation, fault isolation/zoning/troubleticketing, service ordering/information organization/information hiding,billing/accounting, QoS/other performance characteristics (jitter,latency, bandwidth, etc.)/performance in view of service levelagreements (“SLAs”)/reporting, orauthentication/authorization/accounting (“AAA”), respectively.

In some embodiments, method 400 might further comprise abstracting, withthe interconnection gateway device, the first set of network connectioninformation to generate a first set of abstracted network connectioninformation (block 415) and abstracting, with the interconnectiongateway device, the second set of network connection information togenerate a second set of abstracted network connection information(block 420). In some cases, each of the first set of abstracted networkconnection information and the second set of abstracted networkconnection information might be abstracted to be independent of anyparticular NFV entity in any network. In other words, the abstractednetwork connection information is abstracted so as to be readable orunderstandable by any computing system or network component, and is notinformation that is only readable or understandable (i.e., does not useproprietary information formats or the like) by particular kinds, byparticular brands of NFV entities, by particular products made by aparticular manufacturer, or by particular products operated ormaintained by a particular service provider. In this manner, universalcommunication and/or interconnection may be achieved between differentNFV entities (i.e., NFV entities manufactured, operated, and/ormaintained by particular parties, or the like).

At block 425, method 400 might comprise establishing, with theinterconnection gateway device, one or more links between each of theone or more internal NFV entities and each corresponding one of the oneor more external NFV entities, in some cases, based at least in part onone or more of the first set of abstracted network connectioninformation or the second set of abstracted network connectioninformation. Method 400 might further comprise, at block 430, providingaccess to one or more virtualized network functions (“VNFs”) via the oneor more links, different embodiments of which are described below withrespect to FIG. 4C.

In some cases, the one or more links might be established between thefirst service provider and the second service provider to establishinterconnection for providing at least one of customer roaming services,customer nomadic services, wholesale play, disaster recovery,offloading, service bureau operations, and/or network operator/serviceprovider cooperation. For example, for customer roaming services, user1, who is a customer of the first service provider and who is residentin State A, might travel to State B for a vacation or for a businesstrip. It is assumed for this example that the first service providerdoes not offer the same range of services in State B, and that a secondservice provider (which is unaffiliated with the first service provider)operates in State B. User 1 might desire to have the same networkfunctionalities for his or her user devices, which he or she is bringingto State B, as well as the same network functionalities for monitoringhis or her home in State A, without having to perform any additionalconfigurations of his or her devices or network connections. User 1might make an express or implied request to an interconnection gatewaydevice or other entity associated with the first service provider. Theinterconnection gateway device might request network connectioninformation both from internal NFV entities and from external NFVentities (that are associated with the second service provider).Following the processes described above with respect to blocks 405-430,the interconnection gateway device can provide the appropriate VNFs tothe user's devices and such to allow user 1 to have the same networkfunctionalities for his or her user devices, which he or she is bringingto State B, as well as the same network functionalities for monitoringhis or her home in State A, without having to perform any additionalconfigurations of his or her devices or network connections.

In another example, for customer nomadic services, user 2, who is aresident of State C, might annually move to sunny State D during thewinter time. In a manner similar to the above-described processes forcustomer roaming services for user 1, the interconnection gateway devicecan provide the appropriate VNFs to the user's devices and such to allowuser 2 to have the same network functionalities for his or her userdevices, which he or she is bringing to State D, as well as the samenetwork functionalities for monitoring his or her home in State C,without having to perform any additional configurations of his or herdevices or network connections.

These examples above are directed to user-based or user-focused NFV orVNF interconnection between two networks (operated by two differentservice providers). The various embodiments, however, are not solimited, and can utilize interconnection gateway functionality for otherpurposes not limited to the user-based or user-focused NFV or VNFinterconnection. For example, for wholesale play, VNFs might betransferred from the network of one service provider to the network ofanother service provider, or VNFs may be exchanged between thesenetworks, per agreements between the two service providers. Foroffloading, per similar agreements between service providers, whennetwork capacity is beyond a certain predetermined threshold amount(such as during disaster situations or for disaster recovery), burstingof VNFs and/or data may be implemented via the established one or morelinks (such as the one or more links of block 425). For operator/serviceprovider cooperation, similar agreements might provide for establishingthe one or more links and/or for exchanging VNFs and data, etc.

Merely by way of example, in some aspects, method 400 might furthercomprise, at optional block 435, sending, with the interconnectiongateway device and to at least one of the one or more external NFVentities (in some cases, via the second interconnection gateway device),a service catalog indicating at least one of a plurality of VNFs, aplurality of application programming interfaces (“APIs”), or a pluralityof services offered by the one or more internal NFV entities. In someembodiments, the service catalog may be stored or may reside in one ormore of data storage device 210 or 230 and/or a separate database thatis located in the local network (not shown) that are associated with theowning service provider (i.e., the service provider owning, managing, orcontrolling the VNF(s)). In some cases, the data storage device 210 or230 associated with the service provider that is associated with theinternal NFV entities might store the service catalog. In someinstances, the service catalog might be stored or may reside in datastorage device 230 associated with the NFV resource manager 120 or thelike. In some cases, the first set of abstracted network connectioninformation might include fine-grained information that is hidden fromthe one or more external NFV entities, while the second set ofabstracted network connection information include coarse-grainedinformation that is public information (or that may be made public). Themethod 400 might further comprise certifying, with the interconnectiongateway device, the one or more VNFs (optional block 440) and storing,with the interconnection gateway device, a record of the one or moreVNFs that are certified in a database in communication with theinterconnection gateway device (optional block 445). In someembodiments, certifying VNFs might include determining whether aparticular VNF is actually a VNF that performs functions as ordered by acustomer or as required by a service provider. In some instances,certifying VNFs might include determining whether a particular VNF is arogue VNF (e.g., a surveillance VNF, spybot VNF, etc.) or an applicationor other virtual function that is disguised as the desired VNF; suchcertification processes might be part of security audits, which might beperformed routinely or periodically. In some cases, certifying VNFsmight include determining whether a legitimate VNF is the correct VNFfor performing a desired function. In the event that the VNF beingcertified is not the desired or correct VNF for performing the desiredfunction(s), the interconnection gateway device might request, locate,access, move, or provide access to another VNF, and might perform thecertification process to determine whether the another VNF is thedesired and correct VNF, prior to storing the VNF (at optional block445). The process subsequently continues to optional block 450 in FIG.4B, linked by circular marker denoted by “A.”

At optional block 450, method 400 might comprise bursting at least oneVNF of the one or more VNFs from a first pod to a second pod, based atleast in part on one or more of time of day, geographic information,expected usage throughout a day, expected changes in usage throughout aday, one or more performance characteristics, changes in one or moreperformance characteristics, and/or the like. In some instances, each ofthe first pod and the second pod might comprise physical hardwareresources that are part of one of an internal NFV entity of the one ormore internal NFV entities and/or an external NFV entity of the one ormore external NFV entities. In some cases, each of the first pod and thesecond pod might comprise physical hardware resources that are only partof at least one internal NFV entity of the one or more internal NFVentities (i.e., the NFV entities associated with the first serviceprovider that is providing the service; such as the first NFVI). Thisallows the service provider to shift resources based on demand, time ofday, expected usage, etc.

In some embodiments, method 400 might further comprise, at optionalblock 455, determining whether service chaining is required (e.g., ifonly one VNF is required, no service chaining is necessary) and, if so,determining whether it is possible to service chain two or more VNFstogether to provide a single network service—including, withoutlimitation, identifying and locating each individual VNF to providesub-functionalities of the desired network service, managing the VNFs sothat they can be service chained together, and/or the like. Based on adetermination that service chaining is required and that two or moreVNFs can be service chained together to provide a single networkservice, the method, at optional block 460, might comprise servicechaining two or more VNFs together to provide a single network service,either by service chaining at least one first service chained VNFprovided by at least one internal NFV entity and at least one secondservice chained VNF provided by at least one external NFV entity, toprovide the single network service (optional block 465) or by servicechaining two or more VNFs that are provided by only one of at least oneinternal NFV entity or at least one external NFV entity, to provide thesingle network service (optional block 470). In one non-limitingexample, four or five VNFs (regardless of which NFV entity each VNF isprovided from) might be service chained together to perform thefunctions of a network router. In similar fashion, any number of VNFs(from any combination of NFV entities) may be service chained to performany desired or ordered function. Service chaining and the processesoutlined above related to service chaining may, in some cases, beperformed by a NFV interconnection gateway or the like.

With reference to FIG. 4C, the process of providing access to the one ormore VNFs (at block 430) might include one or more of the following. Insome embodiments, providing access to the one or more VNFs mightcomprise providing at least one of the one or more internal NFV entitiesor the one or more external NFV entities with access to one or more VNFsrunning on the other of the one or more internal NFV entities or the oneor more external NFV entities, without sending the one or more VNFs fromthe other of the one or more internal NFV entities or the one or moreexternal NFV entities to the one of the one or more internal NFVentities or the one or more external NFV entities (block 475).Alternatively, providing access to the one or more VNFs might comprisesending one or more VNFs from one of the one or more internal NFVentities or the one or more external NFV entities to the other of theone or more internal NFV entities or the one or more external NFVentities, via the one or more links (block 480). In some cases,providing access to the one or more VNFs might comprise providing, viathe interconnection gateway device, access to one or more VNFs via theone or more links (block 485). In some instances, providing access tothe one or more VNFs might comprise providing access to one or moreVNFs, via peering connection between each of the one or more internalNFV entities and a corresponding one of the one or more external NFVentities (block 490). Alternatively or additionally, providing access tothe one or more VNFs might comprise bursting, using an API, one or moreVNFs from one of the one or more internal NFV entities or the one ormore external NFV entities to another of the one or more internal NFVentities or the one or more external NFV entities (block 495).

NFV Interconnection Hub Implementation

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system for implementinginterconnection hub functionality among a first set of NFV entities in afirst network, a second set of NFV entities in a second network, throughan N^(th) set of NFV entities in an N^(th) network, in accordance withvarious embodiments.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5, system 500 might comprise a first network505 a, a second network 505 b, through an N^(th) network 505 n(collectively, “networks 505”), which are respectively associated with afirst service provider 510 a, a second service provider 510 b, throughan N^(th) service provider 510 n (collectively, “service providers510”). System 500 might also comprise an external network 515 that isassociated with a hub service provider 520. System 500 might furthercomprise an NFV interconnection hub 525 that is located in the externalnetwork 515. System 500 might additional comprise, associated with eachservice provider 510, an NFV interconnection gateway 530 (optional) andone or more NFV entities 535 that are located in the respective network505. For example, an optional first NFV interconnection gateway 530 aand one or more first NFV entities 535 a might be located within thefirst network 505 a, an optional second NFV interconnection gateway 530b and one or more second NFV entities 535 b might be located within thesecond network 505 b, and so on, through to an optional N^(th) NFVinterconnection gateway 530 n and one or more N^(th) NFV entities 535 nbeing located within the N^(th) network 505 n.

According to some embodiments, each of the one or more first NFVentities 535 a, the one or more second NFV entities 535 b, through oneor more N^(th) NFV entities 535 n might include, without limitation, oneor more of a NFV resource manager (such as NFV resource manager 120), aNFV Infrastructure (“NFVI”) system (such as first NFVI system 125 a,second NFVI system 125 b, etc.), a NFV orchestrator (such as NFVorchestrator 130, or the like), a NFV management and orchestration(“MANO”) architectural framework or system (such as NFV MANO system 135,or the like), a virtual network function (“VNF”) manager (such as VNFmanager 140, or the like), a virtual infrastructure manager (“VIM”)(such as VIM 145, or the like), and/or other NFV entities (such as otherfirst NFV entities 150 a, other second NFV entities 150 b, etc.). Insome instances, the NFV MANO system, the VNF manager, the VIM, and/orthe other NFV entities might be part of the NFV orchestrator. Inalternative instances, one or more of the NFV MANO system, the VNFmanager, the VIM, and/or the other NFV entities might be separate from,but in communication with, the NFV orchestrator. In some cases, theother NFV entities might include, but are not limited to, a virtualmachine (“VM”), a macro orchestrator, a domain orchestrator, a godorchestrator, and/or the like.

In some embodiments, each NFV interconnection gateway 530 might be anapplication running on a cloud platform, while in some cases might bepart of any NFV entity that needs to interconnect with another NFVplatform (e.g., MANO system, NFVI, VNF, etc.). In some instances, eachinterconnection gateway 530 might have both a physical component and avirtual component. The physical component might primarily be thephysical interface between two or more networks of different serviceproviders, while the virtual component might be an NFV entity that ishosted within the service provider's network. In some cases, it may bepossible that each participating service provider could have an NFVhosted in its respective network, but that is not required. According tosome embodiments, an NFV entity might be split into a portion completelyunder the control of an owning service provider. The owning serviceprovider can then establish a set of functions that are available toother service providers via application programming interfaces (“APIs”)to tailor their specific needs at the interconnection gateway. Theowning service provider might ensure that the function(s) provided andthe APIs provided enable functionality to other service providers, whilealso protecting the owning service provider network from nefariousactivities. In general, the NFV interconnection gateway, which could becentralized or distributed within one network, might provide one-to-oneNFV interconnection between two service provider networks.

Merely by way of example, in some aspects, NFV interconnection hub mightbe provided as a service, including, without limitation, variouscentralized services for NFV-based service providers to interconnect. Ingeneral, the NFV interconnection hub, which could be centralized ordistributed within one network, might provide many-to-many NFVinterconnection amongst a plurality of service provider networks (insome cases, amongst three or more service provider networks). In someembodiments, the many-to-many interconnection service can take the formof discovery and authentication (which is its simplest form). Inalternative embodiments, the many-to-many interconnection service cantake the form of a full blown hub for interconnection. In its simplestform, the NFV interconnection hub could be embodied as applications on acloud platform. In some cases, the NFV interconnection hub, in itssimplest form, might be embodied as a registry (or a more complexcatalog). In more complex forms, the NFV interconnection hub could besimilar to the full blown interconnect with instances of NFVinterconnection gateways. In some instances, the NFV interconnection hubmight be embodied as a hub device that utilizes actual interconnectionand/or micro-peering amongst NFV entities in various different networksconnected by the hub. According to some embodiments the interconnectionhub might translate NFV-specific standards (e.g., translating FCAPS forone network service provider to FCAPS for a different network serviceprovider). In some cases, the interconnection hub might determine howinterconnection gateways establish interconnections. In some instances,the interconnection hub might function as a clearinghouse or possiblyfacilitate the NFVI optimization (in some cases, dynamically, and/or inreal-time, establishing interconnections to NFV entities), possiblybased on specifications established by a customer. According to someembodiments, the interconnection hub might establish an interconnectionbased on one or more of geolocation, usage, availability, budget, and/orfunctional requirements, or the like. In some embodiments, theinterconnection hub might be federated or might be managed by a thirdparty.

In operation, the NFV interconnection hub 525 might receive a first setof network connection information from at least one first NFV entity ofthe one or more first NFV entities 535 a via links 545 (which arerepresented in FIG. 5 as dot-dash lines) that extend between the firstnetwork 505 a and the external network 515—in some cases, via a firstNFV interconnection gateway 530 a (which may or may not be present inthe first network 505 a) via links 540 (which are represented in FIG. 5as dash lines) between the at least one first NFV entity and the firstNFV interconnection gateway 530 a. Similarly, the NFV interconnectionhub 525 might receive a second set of network connection informationfrom at least one second NFV entity of the one or more second NFVentities 535 b via links 545 (represented as dot-dash lines) that extendbetween the second network 505 b and the external network 515—in somecases, via a second NFV interconnection gateway 530 b (which may or maynot be present in the second network 505 b) via links 540 (representedas dash lines) between the at least one second NFV entity and the secondNFV interconnection gateway 530 b. And so on, with the NFVinterconnection hub 525 receiving an N^(th) set of network connectioninformation from at least one N^(th) NFV entity of the one or moreN^(th) NFV entities 535 n via links 545 (represented as dot-dash lines)that extend between the N^(th) network 505 n and the external network515—in some cases, via an N^(th) NFV interconnection gateway 530 n(which may or may not be present in the N^(th) network 505 n) via links540 (represented as dash lines) between the at least one N^(th) NFVentity and the N^(th) NFV interconnection gateway 530 n.

The NFV interconnection hub 525 might abstract each of the first set ofnetwork connection information, the second set of network connectioninformation, through the N^(th) set of network connection information togenerate a first set of abstracted network connection information, asecond set of abstracted network connection information, through anN^(th) set of abstracted network connection information, respectively.The NFV interconnection hub 525 might establish one or more links 550(which are represented in FIG. 5 as long dash lines) between one or moreof at least one first NFV entity, at least one second NFV entity,through at least one N^(th) NFV entity and corresponding one or moreother of the at least one first NFV entity, the at least one second NFVentity, through the at least one N^(th) NFV entity, based at least inpart on one or more of the first set of abstracted network connectioninformation, the second set of abstracted network connectioninformation, or the N^(th) set of abstracted network connectioninformation.

The NFV interconnection hub 525 might subsequently provide access to oneor more VNFs via the one or more links 550 (represented as long dashlines) that extend between one of the first network 505 a, the secondnetwork 505 b, through the N^(th) network 505 n and another of the firstnetwork 505 a, the second network 505 b, through the N^(th) network 505n. In general, access can be either local access (e.g., a copy of theVNF is transferred to the NFV entity of one or more of the first throughN^(th) networks 505 a-505 n, and is run on resources in the one or moreof the first through N^(th) networks 505 a-505 n) or remote access(e.g., the VNF is run on the owning service provider's network resources(for example, the first network) and other NFV entities in othernetworks (e.g., NFV entities in the one or more of the second throughN^(th) networks 505 b-505 n) are provided with access to the VNF runningon the owning service provider's network resources). In some cases,providing access to the one or more VNFs might include, withoutlimitation, one or more of providing at least one of the one or morefirst NFV entities 535 a, the one or more second NFV entities 535 b,through the one or more N^(th) NFV entities 535 n with access to one ormore VNFs running on one other of the one or more first NFV entities 535a, the one or more second NFV entities 535 b, through the one or moreN^(th) NFV entities 535 n, without sending the one or more VNFs from oneto the other of the first, second, through N^(th) NFV entities 535 a-535n; sending one or more VNFs from one of the one or more first NFVentities 535 a, the one or more second NFV entities 535 b, through theone or more N^(th) NFV entities 535 n, to another of the one or morefirst NFV entities 535 a, the one or more second NFV entities 535 b,through the one or more N^(th) NFV entities 535 n, via the one or morelinks, or vice versa; providing access to the one or more VNFs via theone or more links comprises providing access, via the interconnectionhub device 525, to one or more VNFs (in some cases, via the one or morelinks); providing access to one or more VNFs, via peering connectionbetween the one of the one or more first NFV entities 535 a, the one ormore second NFV entities 535 b, through the one or more N^(th) NFVentities 535 n and a corresponding one other of the one or more firstNFV entities 535 a, the one or more second NFV entities 535 b, throughthe one or more N^(th) NFV entities 535 n; bursting, using anapplication programming interface (“API”), one or more VNFs from one ofthe one or more first NFV entities 535 a, the one or more second NFVentities 535 b, through the one or more N^(th) NFV entities 535 n, toanother of the one or more first NFV entities 535 a, the one or moresecond NFV entities 535 b, through the one or more N^(th) NFV entities535 n, or vice versa; and/or the like.

Merely by way of example, in some embodiments, each of one or more firstNFV entities 535 a, each of one or more second NFV entities 535 b, oreach of one or more N^(th) NFV entities 535 n might be without thecapacity and/or capability to locally execute the one or more VNFs, andmight comprise a device that is configured to request execution of VNFsand to access the VNFs being executed on corresponding one other of theone or more first NFV entities 535 a, the one or more second NFVentities 535 b, or the one or more N^(th) NFV entities 535 n.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating another system forimplementing interconnection hub functionality among a first set of NFVentities in a first network, a second set of NFV entities in a secondnetwork, through an N^(th) set of NFV entities in an N^(th) network, inaccordance with various embodiments. FIG. 6 is similar to the embodimentof FIG. 5, except that FIG. 6 depicts processors, data storage devices,and memory devices within the NFV interconnection hub device 525, withineach of the NFV interconnection gateway devices 530, and within each ofthe NFV entities 535. In particular, as shown in FIG. 6, the NFVinterconnection hub device 525 might include, without limitation, aprocessor(s) 605, a data storage device(s) 610, and a memory device(s)615 that are all interconnected with each other. The data storagedevice(s) 610 might store data that is transmitted or received from theNFV interconnection hub 525, while the memory device(s) 615 might be anon-transitory computer readable medium that stores computer softwarecomprising a set of instructions that, when executed by the processor(s)605, causes the interconnection hub device 525 to perform one or morefunctions (such as those as described herein with respect to FIGS. 5 and9A-9E, or the like).

The first NFV interconnection gateway device 530 a might include,without limitation, a processor(s) 620 a, a data storage device(s) 625a, and a memory device(s) 630 a that are all interconnected with eachother. Likewise, the second NFV interconnection gateway device 530 bmight include, without limitation, a processor(s) 620 b, a data storagedevice(s) 625 b, and a memory device(s) 630 b that are allinterconnected with each other. In a similar manner, N^(th) NFVinterconnection gateway device 530 n might include, without limitation,a processor(s) 620 n, a data storage device(s) 625 n, and a memorydevice(s) 630 n that are all interconnected with each other. The datastorage device(s) 625 might store data that is transmitted or receivedfrom the NFV interconnection gateway 530, while the memory device(s) 630might be a non-transitory computer readable medium that stores computersoftware comprising a set of instructions that, when executed by thecorresponding processor(s) 620, causes the corresponding interconnectiongateway device 530 to perform one or more functions (such as those asdescribed herein with respect to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 4A-4C, or the like).

In a similar manner, each of the first NFV entity(ies) 535 a mightinclude, but is not limited to, a processor(s) 635 a, a data storagedevice(s) 640 a, and a memory device(s) 645 a that are allinterconnected with each other. Likewise, each of the second NFVentity(ies) 535 b might include, but is not limited to, a processor(s)635 b, a data storage device(s) 640 b, and a memory device(s) 645 b thatare all interconnected with each other. In a similar manner, each of theN^(th) NFV entity(ies) 535 n might include, but is not limited to, aprocessor(s) 635 n, a data storage device(s) 640 n, and a memorydevice(s) 645 n that are all interconnected with each other. The datastorage device(s) 640 might store data that is transmitted or receivedfrom the corresponding NFV entity(ies) 535, while the memory device(s)645 might each be a non-transitory computer readable medium that storescomputer software comprising a set of instructions that, when executedby the corresponding processor(s) 635, causes the particular NFV entity535 to perform one or more functions (such as those as described hereinwith respect to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 4A-4C, 5, and 9A-9E or the like).

The techniques and configurations of FIG. 6 are otherwise similar, ifnot identical to, the techniques and configurations as described abovewith respect to FIG. 5, and the descriptions of the embodiment of FIG. 5may similarly be applicable to those of the embodiment of FIG. 6 (unlessincompatible, inconsistent, or otherwise stated as being different).

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating yet another system forimplementing interconnection hub functionality among a first set of NFVentities in a first network, a second set of NFV entities in a secondnetwork, through an N^(th) set of NFV entities in an N^(th) network, inaccordance with various embodiments. FIG. 7 is similar to the embodimentof FIG. 5, except that FIG. 7 depicts a plurality of pods in each of atleast one first NFV entity 535 a, at least one second NFV entity 535 b,through at least one N^(th) NFV entity 535 n. In the embodiment of FIG.7, the one or more first NFV entities 535 a of FIG. 5 might comprise afirst NFVI system(s) 535 a′ and one or more other first NFV entities 535a″, while the one or more second NFV entities 535 b of FIG. 5 mightcomprise a second NFVI system(s) 535 b′ and one or more other second NFVentities 535 b″, and the one or more N^(th) NFV entities 535 n of FIG. 5might comprise an N^(th) NFVI system(s) 535 n′ and one or more otherN^(th) NFV entities 535 n″.

The first NFVI system 535 a′ might include a first pod 705 a, a secondpod 705 b, through an N^(th) pod 705 n (collectively, “pods 705”), whilethe second NFVI system 535 b′ might include a first pod 710 a, a secondpod 710 b, through an N^(th) pod 710 n (collectively, “pods 710”), andso on, with the N^(th) NFVI system 535 n′ including a first pod 715 a, asecond pod 715 b, through an N^(th) pod 715 n (collectively, “pods715”). In some embodiments, each pod might represent and/or includephysical hardware resources that are part of the first, second, and/orN^(th) NFVI system 535 a′-535 n′ or that are part of an external NFVentity (i.e., an NFV entity that is external to the first NFV entities535 a, the second NFV entities 535 b, or the N^(th) NFV entities 535 n,or that is external to the first, second, through N^(th) networks 505a-505 n), or the like. In some cases, each pod might represent a rack ofnetwork communications equipment (e.g., compute resource, storageresource, etc.) within a telecommunications facility associated with oneof the service providers 510.

In operation, the NFV interconnection hub device 525 might burst atleast one VNF from a first pod to a second pod, based at least in parton one or more of time of day, geographic usage throughout a day, one ormore performance characteristics (including, without limitation,latency, jitter, bandwidth, compute resource usage, storage resourceusage, memory resource usage, and/or the like), or changes in one ormore performance characteristics, and/or the like. In some embodiments,the first and second pods might be within only one of the first NFVIsystem 535 a′, the second NFVI system 535 b′, or the N^(th) NFVI system535 n′, to provide the respective first service provider 510 a, secondservice provider 510 b, or the N^(th) service provider 510 n withfunctionality (via the NFV interconnection hub device 525) to burst theat least one VNF internally among its own physical hardware resources,especially if said service provider does not have a corresponding NFVinterconnection gateway 530 in its network 505. In alternativeembodiments, the interconnection hub device 525 might burst the at leastone VNF from any of the pods 705 a-705 n, 710 a-710 n, and 715 a-715 nto any other of the pods 705 a-705 n, 710 a-710 n, and 715 a-715 n.Bursting to a pod in a different network 505 might allow for morelocalized execution of VNFs closer to a customer.

Although each of the first NFVI 535 a′, the second NFVI 535 b′, throughthe N^(th) NFVI 535 n′ is depicted as a single component in thecorresponding network, this is merely to simplify illustration, but thevarious embodiments are not so limited, and each NFVI 535 a′-535 n′ maybe embodied as any suitable number of NFVI systems within its respectivenetwork 505. In some embodiments, each of the NFVI systems 535 a′-535 n′might include, without limitation, hardware resources located at acustomer premises (e.g., hardware resources in network equipment at aresidential customer premises; hardware resources in other wireless orwireline customer premises equipment (“CPE”); resources in a customer'smobile devices or other user devices; hardware resources intelecommunications closet(s) or room(s) at a multi-dwelling unit;hardware resources in telecommunications closet(s) or room(s) at acommercial customer premises; and/or the like), at a digital subscriberline access multiplexer (“DSLAM”) (e.g., hardware resources intelecommunications or equipment rack(s) at the DSLAM; and/or the like),at a central office (“CO”) (e.g., hardware resources intelecommunications rack(s) at the CO; and/or the like), at a point ofpresence (“POP”) with the network, at a Tera-POP (i.e., a POP that iscapable of terabit per second (i.e., at least 1 trillion bits persecond) data transfer speeds), or the like.

In a non-limiting example, based on information regarding usage atdifferent times of day, geographic usage throughout a day, one or moreperformance characteristics (including, without limitation, latency,jitter, bandwidth, compute resource usage, storage resource usage,memory resource usage, and/or the like), or changes in one or moreperformance characteristics, and/or the like, the interconnection hubdevice 525 might burst VNFs associated with a user's business or work topods within the user's work premises or at a DSLAM or CO that is localto the user's work premises, just before the user typically arrives atwork (e.g., between about 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. on weekday mornings). Duringthe user's typical lunch break, the interconnection hub device 525 mightburst VNFs associated with the user's media content (e.g., media contentplayback VNFs, etc.), news resources (e.g., news gathering VNFs, sportsinformation gathering VNFs, etc.), and/or the like to pods within theuser's work premises (if the user typically eats at work), to a DSLAM orCO that is local to the user's work premises (if the user typically eatsat or near work), or the like. After the user's typical lunch hour, theinterconnection hub device 525 might burst VNFs associated with theuser's media content, news resources, and/or the like to pods at the CO,POP, Tera-POP, or the like. When the user typical leaves work (e.g., forhome; such as after 6 p.m.), the interconnection hub device 525 mightburst the VNFs associated with the user's media content, news resources,and/or the like to pods at the user's residential premises, at a DSLAMor CO near the user's residential premises, and/or the like, and mightburst the VNFs associated with the user's business or work to pods atthe CO, POP, Tera-POP, or the like. In the middle of the night (e.g.,between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m.), the interconnection hub device 525 mightburst VNFs associated with backup software applications to pods that arecloser to the user's work premises and/or to the user's residentialpremises, to back up the user's work and/or personal/entertainment data,or the like. Also in the middle of the night, the interconnection hubdevice 525 might burst VNFs associated with third party computationalcycles to pods closer to the user's work premises and/or the user'sresidential premises, to utilize unused or underutilized compute and/ordata storage resources, or the like.

In these various examples, the user's work premises and the user'sresidential premises (or more precisely, user devices or computingsystems at each of these locations) and/or each of the DSLAM, CO, POP,Tera-POP, or the like might be connected or associated with one of thefirst network 505 a, the second network 505 b, or the N^(th) network 505n. In alternative embodiments, the user's work premises (or moreprecisely, user devices or computing systems at the work premises) mightbe connected or associated with one of the first network 505 a, thesecond network 505 b, or the N^(th) network 505 n, while the user'sresidential premises (or more precisely, user devices or computingsystems at the residential premises) might be connected or associatedwith another of the first network 505 a, the second network 505 b, orthe N^(th) network 505 n. In some embodiments, one or more of the DSLAM,CO, POP, Tera-POP, or the like might be connected or associated with oneof the first network 505 a, the second network 505 b, or the N^(th)network 505 n, while one or more others of the DSLAM, CO, POP, Tera-POP,or the like might be connected or associated with another of the firstnetwork 505 a, the second network 505 b, or the N^(th) network 505 n.

The techniques and configurations of FIG. 7 are otherwise similar, ifnot identical to, the techniques and configurations as described abovewith respect to FIG. 5, and the descriptions of the embodiment of FIG. 5may similarly be applicable to those of the embodiment of FIG. 7 (unlessincompatible, inconsistent, or otherwise stated as being different).

In the embodiments described above with respect to FIGS. 5-7, oneinterconnection hub 525 communicates with and establishes links among aplurality of NFV entities 535 (in some cases, via corresponding NFVinterconnection gateway devices 530, if any) in a correspondingplurality of networks 505. The various embodiments, however, are notlimited to such configuration or interconnection, and two or moreinterconnection hubs (each individually being in communication with andestablishing links among separate pluralities of NFV entities incorresponding plurality of networks) might interconnect in a hub-to-hubmanner, in some cases, in a hub-to-hub-to-hub manner, and so on(collectively, “hub-to-hub”), or the like, as described in detail belowwith respect to FIG. 8.

We now turn to FIG. 8, which is a schematic diagram illustrating asystem for implementing hub-to-hub interconnection among a firstinterconnection hub in a first external network, a secondinterconnection hub in a second external network, through an N^(th)interconnection hub in an N^(th) external network, in accordance withvarious embodiments.

As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 8, system 800 might comprise aplurality of NFV interconnection hub devices 525, which might include,without limitation, a first NFV interconnection hub device 525 a, asecond NFV interconnection hub device 525 b, through an N^(th) NFVinterconnection hub device 525 n (collectively, “NFV interconnection hubdevices 525”), which are associated with a first external network 515 a,a second external network 515 b, through an N^(th) external network 515n, respectively (collectively, “external networks 515”). Each of the NFVinterconnection hub devices 525 might communicate with and establishlinks among a plurality of NFV entities 535 (in some cases, viacorresponding NFV interconnection gateway devices 530, if any) in acorresponding plurality of networks 505, in a manner similar to that asdescribed above with respect to FIGS. 5-7. Particularly, the first NFVinterconnection hub device 525 a might communicate with and establishlinks among one or more first through N^(th) NFV entities 535 a ₁-535 n₁ (in some cases, via corresponding NFV interconnection gateway devices530 a ₁-530 n ₁, if present) in a corresponding plurality of networks505 a ₁-505 n ₁. Similarly, the second NFV interconnection hub device525 b might communicate with and establish links among one or more firstthrough N^(th) NFV entities 535 a ₂-535 n ₂ (in some cases, viacorresponding NFV interconnection gateway devices 530 a ₂-530 n ₂, ifpresent) in a corresponding plurality of networks 505 a ₂-505 n ₂.Likewise, the N^(th) NFV interconnection hub device 525 n mightcommunicate with and establish links among one or more first throughN^(th) NFV entities 535 a _(n)-535 n _(n) (in some cases, viacorresponding NFV interconnection gateway devices 530 a _(n)-530 n _(n),if present) in a corresponding plurality of networks 505 a _(n)-505 n_(n).

In operation, each NFV interconnection hub device 525 might communicatewith one or more other NFV interconnection hub devices 525 a-525 n vialinks 805. In this manner, links 550 might be established by one or moreinterconnection hub devices 525 among any two or more NFV entities amongthe NFV entities 535 a ₁-535 n ₁, 535 a ₂-535 n ₂, through 535 a_(n)-535 n _(n), in some cases via corresponding NFV interconnectiongateway devices 530 a ₁-530 n ₁, 530 a ₂-530 n ₂, through 530 a _(n)-530n _(n), if present, and via links 540 and/or 545 and via links 805. Insome embodiments, one of the NFV interconnection hub devices 525 mightburst at least one VNF from a first pod to a second pod, based at leastin part on one or more of time of day, geographic usage throughout aday, one or more performance characteristics (including, withoutlimitation, latency, jitter, bandwidth, compute resource usage, storageresource usage, memory resource usage, and/or the like), or changes inone or more performance characteristics, and/or the like. In someembodiments, the first and second pods might be within one NFVI systemamong the NFVI systems 535 a′-535 n′ in one of networks 505 a ₁-505 n ₁,networks 505 a ₂-505 n ₂, or networks 505 a _(n)-505 n _(n). Inalternative embodiments, one of the NFV interconnection hub devices 525might burst the at least one VNF from any of the pods 705 a-705 n, 710a-710 n, and 715 a-715 n in any one of networks 505 a ₁-505 n ₁,networks 505 a ₂-505 n ₂, or networks 505 a _(n)-505 n _(n) to any otherof the pods 705 a-705 n, 710 a-710 n, and 715 a-715 n in any one ofnetworks 505 a ₁-505 n ₁, networks 505 a ₂-505 n ₂, or networks 505 a_(n)-505 n _(n), including bursting between or among pods at any levelof customer work/residential premises, DSLAM, CO, POP, Tera-POP, etc. ateach or any of these networks 505 a ₁-505 n ₁, 505 a ₂-505 n ₂, and/or505 a _(n)-505 n _(n), or the like.

The techniques and configurations of FIG. 8 are otherwise similar, ifnot identical to, the techniques and configurations as described abovewith respect to FIGS. 5-7, and the descriptions of the embodiment ofFIGS. 5-7 may similarly be applicable to those of the embodiment of FIG.8 (unless incompatible, inconsistent, or otherwise stated as beingdifferent).

FIGS. 9A-9E (collectively, “FIG. 9”) are flow diagrams illustrating amethod for implementing interconnection hub functionality among a firstset of NFV entities in a first network, a second set of NFV entities ina second network, through an N^(th) set of NFV entities in an N^(th)network or for implementing hub-to-hub interconnection among a firstinterconnection hub in a first external network, a secondinterconnection hub in a second external network, through an N^(th)interconnection hub in an N^(th) external network, in accordance withvarious embodiments. The embodiments as represented in FIG. 9 are merelyillustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of the variousembodiments. With reference to FIG. 9, method 900 in FIG. 9A continuesonto FIG. 9B, linked by circular markers denoted by “A,” continues fromFIG. 9B to FIG. 9C, linked by circular marker denoted by “B,” andcontinues from FIG. 9C to FIG. 9D, linked by circular marker denoted by“C.” FIG. 9E illustrates alternative embodiments for providing access toone or more VNFs in block 916 of FIG. 9A.

While the techniques and procedures are depicted and/or described in acertain order for purposes of illustration, it should be appreciatedthat certain procedures may be reordered and/or omitted within the scopeof various embodiments. Moreover, while the method illustrated by FIG. 9can be implemented by or with (and, in some cases, are described belowwith respect to) the systems 500-800 of FIGS. 5-8, respectively (orcomponents thereof), such methods may also be implemented using anysuitable hardware implementation. Similarly, while each of the systems500-800 (and/or components thereof) of FIGS. 5-8, respectively, canoperate according to the method illustrated by FIG. 9 (e.g., byexecuting instructions embodied on a computer readable medium), thesystems 500-800 can each also operate according to other modes ofoperation and/or perform other suitable procedures.

In the embodiment of FIG. 9, method 900, at block 902, might comprisereceiving, with an interconnection hub device within an external networkand from one or more first network functions virtualization (“NFV”)entities in a first network (in some cases, via a first interconnectiongateway device in the first network), a first set of network connectioninformation. At block 904, method 900 might comprise receiving, with theinterconnection hub device and from one or more second NFV entities in asecond network (in some cases, via a second interconnection gatewaydevice in the second network), a second set of network connectioninformation. Method 900 might further comprise, at block 906, receiving,with the interconnection hub device and from one or more third NFVentities in a third network (in some cases, via a third interconnectiongateway device in the third network), a third set of network connectioninformation. Each of the first, second, third, and external networksmight be separate from others of the first, second, third, and externalnetworks. According to some embodiments, the first network might beassociated with a first service provider, the second network might beassociated with a second service provider separate from the firstservice provider, the third network might be associated with a thirdservice provider separate from each of the first service provider andthe second service provider, and the external network might beassociated with a hub service provider separate from each of the firstservice provider, the second service provider, and the third serviceprovider.

In some cases, the first set of network connection information mightcomprise information regarding at least one of latency, jitter,bandwidth, packet loss, nodal connectivity, compute resources, storageresources, memory capacity, routing, operations support systems (“OSS”),or business support systems (“BSS”), additional services (e.g.,firewall, security, parental control functionality, etc.), and/or thelike. The second set of network connection information might compriseinformation regarding at least one of latency, jitter, bandwidth, packetloss, nodal connectivity, compute resources, storage resources, memorycapacity, routing, OSS, or BSS, additional services (e.g., firewall,security, parental control functionality, etc.), and/or the like.Similarly, the third set of network connection information mightcomprise information regarding at least one of latency, jitter,bandwidth, packet loss, nodal connectivity, compute resources, storageresources, memory capacity, routing, OSS, or BSS, additional services(e.g., firewall, security, parental control functionality, etc.), and/orthe like. In some instances, the first set of network connectioninformation, the second set of network connection information, and/orthe third set of network connection information might each,alternatively or additionally, comprise information regarding at leastone of fault, configuration, accounting, performance, or security(“FCAPS”), which might include, without limitation, faultisolation/zoning/trouble ticketing, service ordering/informationorganization/information hiding, billing/accounting, QoS/otherperformance characteristics (jitter, latency, bandwidth,etc.)/performance in view of service level agreements(“SLAs”)/reporting, or authentication/authorization/accounting (“AAA”),respectively.

In some embodiments, method 900 might further comprise abstracting, withthe interconnection hub device, the first set of network connectioninformation to generate a first set of abstracted network connectioninformation (block 908), abstracting, with the interconnection hubdevice, the second set of network connection information to generate asecond set of abstracted network connection information (block 910), andabstracting, with the interconnection hub device, the third set ofnetwork connection information to generate a third set of abstractednetwork connection information (block 912). In some cases, each of thefirst set of abstracted network connection information, the second setof abstracted network connection information, and the third set ofabstracted network connection information might be abstracted to beindependent of any particular NFV entity in any network. In other words,the abstracted network connection information is abstracted so as to bereadable or understandable by any computing system or network component,and is not information that is only readable or understandable (i.e.,does not use proprietary information formats or the like) by particularkinds, by particular brands of NFV entities, by particular products madeby a particular manufacturer, or by particular products operated ormaintained by a particular service provider. In this manner, universalcommunication and/or interconnection may be achieved between differentNFV entities (i.e., NFV entities manufactured, operated, and/ormaintained by particular parties, or the like).

At block 914, method 900 might comprise establishing, with theinterconnection hub device, one or more links between at least one ofeach of the one or more first NFV entities, each of the one or moresecond NFV entities, or each of the one or more third NFV entities andcorresponding at least one other of each of the one or more first NFVentities, each of the one or more second NFV entities, or each of theone or more third NFV entities, based at least in part on one or more ofthe first set of abstracted network connection information, the secondset of abstracted network connection information, or the third set ofabstracted network connection information. Method 900 might furthercomprise, at block 916, providing access to one or more virtualizednetwork functions (“VNFs”) via the one or more links, differentembodiments of which are described below with respect to FIG. 9E.

In some cases, the one or more links might be established between atleast one of the first service provider, the second service provider, orthe third service provider and corresponding at least one other of thefirst service provider, the second service provider, or the thirdservice provider, via the interconnection hub device, to establishinterconnection for providing at least one of customer roaming services,customer nomadic services, wholesale play, disaster recovery,offloading, service bureau operations, or network operator/serviceprovider cooperation. In a similar manner as described above withrespect to FIG. 4, for example, for customer roaming services, user 1,who is a customer of the first service provider and who is resident inState A, might travel to State B for a vacation or for a business trip.It is assumed for this example that the first service provider does notoffer the same range of services in State B, and that a second serviceprovider (which is unaffiliated with the first service provider)operates in State B. User 1 might desire to have the same networkfunctionalities for his or her user devices, which he or she is bringingto State B, as well as the same network functionalities for monitoringhis or her home in State A, without having to perform any additionalconfigurations of his or her devices or network connections. User 1might make an express or implied request to an interconnection hubdevice (in some cases, via an interconnection gateway device) or otherentity associated with the first service provider. The interconnectionhub device might request network connection information both from firstNFV entities in the first network and from second NFV entities (that areassociated with the second service provider, in some cases via a secondNFV interconnection gateway device in the second network). Following theprocesses described above with respect to blocks 902-916, theinterconnection hub device can provide the appropriate VNFs to theuser's devices and such (in some cases, via the interconnection gatewaydevice(s)) to allow user 1 to have the same network functionalities forhis or her user devices, which he or she is bringing to State B, as wellas the same network functionalities for monitoring his or her home inState A, without having to perform any additional configurations of hisor her devices or network connections.

In another example, for customer nomadic services, user 2, who is aresident of State C, might annually move to sunny State D during thewinter time. In a manner similar to the above-described processes forcustomer roaming services for user 1, the interconnection hub device canprovide the appropriate VNFs to the user's devices and such to allowuser 2 to have the same network functionalities for his or her userdevices, which he or she is bringing to State D, as well as the samenetwork functionalities for monitoring his or her home in State C,without having to perform any additional configurations of his or herdevices or network connections.

These examples above are directed to user-based or user-focused NFV orVNF interconnection between two networks (operated by two differentservice providers). The various embodiments, however, are not solimited, and can utilize interconnection hub functionality for otherpurposes not limited to the user-based or user-focused NFV or VNFinterconnection. For example, for wholesale play, VNFs might betransferred from the network of one service provider to the network ofanother service provider (or a group(s) of service providers), or VNFsmay be exchanged between/among these networks, per agreements betweenthe three or more service providers (or groups of service providers).For offloading, per similar agreements between/among service providers(or groups of service providers), when network capacity is beyond acertain predetermined threshold amount (such as during disastersituations or for disaster recovery), bursting of VNFs and/or data maybe implemented via the established one or more links (such as the one ormore links of block 914). For operator/service provider cooperation,similar agreements might provide for establishing the one or more linksand/or for exchanging VNFs and data, etc. The process subsequentlycontinues to optional block 918 in FIG. 9B, linked by circular markerdenoted by “A.”

At optional block 918, in some aspects, method 900 might furthercomprise sending, with the interconnection hub device and to at leastone of the one or more second NFV entities (in some cases, via thesecond interconnection gateway device) or the one or more third NFVentities (in some cases, via the third interconnection gateway device),a first service catalog indicating at least one of a plurality of VNFs,a plurality of application programming interfaces (“APIs”), or aplurality of services offered by the one or more first NFV entities.Method 900, at optional block 920, might comprise sending, with theinterconnection hub device and to at least one of the one or more firstNFV entities (in some cases, via the first interconnection gatewaydevice) or the one or more third NFV entities, a second service catalogindicating at least one of a plurality of VNFs, a plurality of APIs, ora plurality of services offered by the one or more second NFV entities.Method 900 might further comprise sending, with the interconnection hubdevice and to at least one of the one or more first NFV entities (insome cases, via the first interconnection gateway device) or the one ormore second NFV entities (in some cases, via the second interconnectiongateway device), a third service catalog indicating at least one of aplurality of VNFs, a plurality of APIs, or a plurality of servicesoffered by the one or more third NFV entities (optional block 922). Themethod 900 might further comprise, at optional block 924, sending, withthe interconnection hub device and to a second interconnection hubdevice in a second external network, a service catalog indicating atleast one of the first plurality of VNFs, the first plurality of APIs,or the first plurality of services offered by the one or more first NFVentities, at least one of the second plurality of VNFs, the secondplurality of APIs, or the second plurality of services offered by theone or more second NFV entities, and/or at least one of the thirdplurality of VNFs, the third plurality of APIs, or the third pluralityof services offered by the one or more third NFV entities. In someembodiments, the respective service catalog may be stored or may residein one or more of data storage device 610, data storage device 625 or640, and/or a separate database that is located in the external networkor a corresponding local network (not shown) that are associated withthe owning service provider (i.e., the service provider owning,managing, or controlling the VNF(s)). In some cases, the data storagedevice 625 or 640 associated with the service provider that isassociated with the particular or local NFV entities might store theservice catalog. In some instances, the service catalog might be storedor may reside in data storage device 640 associated with a NFV resourcemanager (such as NFV resource manager 120 or the like that may be one ofthe NFV entities 535), which might be associated with the NFVinterconnection hub 525 or with one of the NFV interconnection gateways530. The process subsequently continues to optional block 926 in FIG.9C, linked by circular marker denoted by “B.”

At optional block 926, according to some embodiments, method 900 mightcomprise storing, with the interconnection hub device and in a databasein communication with the interconnection hub device, a registry listingat least one of a first plurality of VNFs, a first plurality of APIs, ora first plurality of services offered by the one or more first NFVentities, at least one of a second plurality of VNFs, a second pluralityof APIs, or a second plurality of services offered by the one or moresecond NFV entities, or at least one of a third plurality of VNFs, athird plurality of APIs, or a third plurality of services offered by theone or more third NFV entities. The method 900 might further compriseproviding, with the interconnection hub device and to each of the one ormore first NFV entities, the one or more second NFV entities, and theone or more third NFV entities, access to the registry stored in thedatabase (optional block 928).

Method 900, at optional block 930, might comprise providing, with theinterconnection hub device and to the second interconnection hub devicein the second external network, access to the registry stored in thedatabase. The method 900 might further comprise certifying, with theinterconnection hub device, the one or more VNFs (optional block 932)and storing, with the interconnection hub device, a record of the one ormore VNFs that are certified in a database in communication with theinterconnection hub device (optional block 934). In some embodiments,certifying VNFs might include determining whether a particular VNF isactually a VNF that performs functions as ordered by a customer or asrequired by a service provider. In some instances, certifying VNFs mightinclude determining whether a particular VNF is a rogue VNF (e.g., asurveillance VNF, spybot VNF, etc.) or an application or other virtualfunction that is disguised as the desired VNF; such certificationprocesses might be part of security audits, which might be performedroutinely or periodically. In some cases, certifying VNFs might includedetermining whether a legitimate VNF is the correct VNF for performing adesired function. In the event that the VNF being certified is not thedesired or correct VNF for performing the desired function(s), theinterconnection hub device might request, locate, access, move, orprovide access to another VNF, and might perform the certificationprocess to determine whether the another VNF is the desired and correctVNF, prior to storing the VNF (at optional block 934). The processsubsequently continues to optional block 936 in FIG. 9D, linked bycircular marker denoted by “C.”

At optional block 936, method 900 might comprise bursting the one ormore VNFs from a first pod to a second pod, based at least in part onone or more of time of day, geographic information, expected usagethroughout a day, expected changes in usage throughout a day, one ormore performance characteristics, changes in one or more performancecharacteristics, and/or the like. In some instances, each of the firstpod and the second pod comprises physical hardware resources that arepart of one of a first NFV entity of the one or more first NFV entities,a second NFV entity of the one or more second NFV entities, and/or athird NFV entity of the one or more third NFV entities. In some cases,each of the first pod and the second pod might comprise physicalhardware resources that are only part of one of at least one first NFVentity of the one or more first NFV entities (i.e., the NFV entity(ies)associated with the first service provider that is providing theservice; such as the first NFVI), at least one second NFV entity of theone or more second NFV entities (i.e., the NFV entity(ies) associatedwith the second service provider that is providing the service; such asthe second NFVI), or at least one third NFV entity of the one or morethird NFV entities (i.e., the NFV entity(ies) associated with the thirdservice provider that is providing the service; such as the third NFVI).This allows the particular service provider (i.e., the first, second, orthird service provider) to shift resources based on demand, time of day,expected usage, etc.

In some embodiments, method 900 might further comprise, at optionalblock 938, determining whether service chaining is required (e.g., ifonly one VNF is required, no service chaining is necessary) and, if so,determining whether it is possible to service chain two or more VNFstogether to provide a single network service—including, withoutlimitation, identifying and locating each individual VNF to providesub-functionalities of the desired network service, managing the VNFs sothat they can be service chained together, and/or the like. Based on adetermination that service chaining is required and that two or moreVNFs can be service chained together to provide a single networkservice, the method, at optional block 940, might comprise servicechaining two or more VNFs together to provide a single network service,either by service chaining at least one first service chained VNFprovided by one of at least one first NFV entity of the one or morefirst NFV entities, at least one second NFV entity of the one or moresecond NFV entities, or at least one third NFV entity of the one or morethird NFV entities and at least one second service chained VNF providedby another of the at least one first NFV entity, the at least one secondNFV entity, or the at least one third NFV entity, to provide the singlenetwork service (optional block 942) or by service chaining two or moreVNFs that are provided by only one of at least one first NFV entity ofthe one or more first NFV entities, at least one second NFV entity ofthe one or more second NFV entities, or at least one third NFV entity ofthe one or more third NFV entities, to provide the single networkservice (optional block 944). In one non-limiting example, four or fiveVNFs (regardless of which NFV entity each VNF is provided from) might beservice chained together to perform the functions of a network router.In similar fashion, any number of VNFs (from any combination of NFVentities) may be service chained to perform any desired or orderedfunction. Service chaining and the processes outlined above related toservice chaining may, in some cases, be performed by a NFVinterconnection gateway, a NFV interconnection hub, and/or the like.

With reference to FIG. 9E, the process of providing access to the one ormore VNFs (at block 916) might include one or more of the following. Insome embodiments, providing access to the one or more VNFs mightcomprise providing at least one of the one or more first NFV entities,the one or more second NFV entities, or the one or more third NFVentities with access to one or more VNFs running on one other of the oneor more first NFV entities, the one or more second NFV entities, or theone or more third NFV entities, without sending the one or more VNFsfrom the one other of the one or more first NFV entities, the one ormore second NFV entities, or the one or more third NFV entities to theone of the one or more first NFV entities, the one or more second NFVentities, or the one or more third NFV entities (block 946).Alternatively, providing access to the one or more VNFs might comprisesending one or more VNFs from one of the one or more first NFV entities,the one or more second NFV entities, or the one or more third NFVentities, to another of the one or more first NFV entities, the one ormore second NFV entities, or the one or more third NFV entities, via theone or more links (block 948).

In some cases, providing access to the one or more VNFs might compriseproviding access to the one or more VNFs via the one or more linkscomprises providing, via the interconnection hub device, access to oneor more VNFs via the one or more links (block 950). In some instances,providing access to the one or more VNFs might comprise providing accessto one or more VNFs, via peering connection between the one of the oneor more first NFV entities, the one or more second NFV entities, or theone or more third NFV entities and a corresponding one other of the oneor more first NFV entities, the one or more second NFV entities, or theone or more third NFV entities (block 952). Alternatively oradditionally, providing access to the one or more VNFs might comprisebursting, using an API, one or more VNFs from one of the one or morefirst NFV entities, the one or more second NFV entities, or the one ormore third NFV entities, to another of the one or more first NFVentities, the one or more second NFV entities, or the one or more thirdNFV entities (block 954).

Exemplary System and Hardware Implementation

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computer or systemhardware architecture, in accordance with various embodiments. FIG. 10provides a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a computer system1000 of the service provider system hardware that can perform themethods provided by various other embodiments, as described herein,and/or can perform the functions of interconnection gateway devices 115and/or 530, interconnection hub devices 525, NFV entities 120-150, 220,and/or 535, hardware pods 305, 310, and/or 705-715, user devices orcomputing systems in communication with any of these network devices, orthe like, as described above. It should be noted that FIG. 10 is meantonly to provide a generalized illustration of various components, ofwhich one or more (or none) of each may be utilized as appropriate. FIG.10, therefore, broadly illustrates how individual system elements may beimplemented in a relatively separated or relatively more integratedmanner.

The computer or hardware system 1000—which might represent an embodimentof the interconnection gateway devices 115 and/or 530, interconnectionhub devices 525, NFV entities 120-150, 220, and/or 535, hardware pods305, 310, and/or 705-715, user devices or computing systems incommunication with any of these network devices, or of any other device,as described above with respect to FIGS. 1-9—is shown comprisinghardware elements that can be electrically coupled via a bus 1005 (ormay otherwise be in communication, as appropriate). The hardwareelements may include one or more processors 1010, including, withoutlimitation, one or more general-purpose processors and/or one or morespecial-purpose processors (such as digital signal processing chips,graphics acceleration processors, and/or the like); one or more inputdevices 1015, which can include, without limitation, a mouse, a keyboardand/or the like; and one or more output devices 1020, which can include,without limitation, a display device, a printer, and/or the like.

The computer or hardware system 1000 may further include (and/or be incommunication with) one or more storage devices 1025, which cancomprise, without limitation, local and/or network accessible storage,and/or can include, without limitation, a disk drive, a drive array, anoptical storage device, solid-state storage device such as a randomaccess memory (“RAM”) and/or a read-only memory (“ROM”), which can beprogrammable, flash-updateable, and/or the like. Such storage devicesmay be configured to implement any appropriate data stores, including,without limitation, various file systems, database structures, and/orthe like.

The computer or hardware system 1000 might also include a communicationssubsystem 1030, which can include, without limitation, a modem, anetwork card (wireless or wired), an infra-red communication device, awireless communication device and/or chipset (such as a Bluetooth™device, an 802.11 device, a WiFi device, a WiMax device, a WWAN device,cellular communication facilities, etc.), and/or the like. Thecommunications subsystem 1030 may permit data to be exchanged with anetwork (such as the network described below, to name one example), withother computer or hardware systems, and/or with any other devicesdescribed herein. In many embodiments, the computer or hardware system1000 will further comprise a working memory 1035, which can include aRAM or ROM device, as described above.

The computer or hardware system 1000 also may comprise softwareelements, shown as being currently located within the working memory1035, including an operating system 1040, device drivers, executablelibraries, and/or other code, such as one or more application programs1045, which may comprise computer programs provided by variousembodiments (including, without limitation, hypervisors, VMs, and thelike), and/or may be designed to implement methods, and/or configuresystems, provided by other embodiments, as described herein. Merely byway of example, one or more procedures described with respect to themethod(s) discussed above might be implemented as code and/orinstructions executable by a computer (and/or a processor within acomputer); in an aspect, then, such code and/or instructions can be usedto configure and/or adapt a general purpose computer (or other device)to perform one or more operations in accordance with the describedmethods.

A set of these instructions and/or code might be encoded and/or storedon a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, such as thestorage device(s) 1025 described above. In some cases, the storagemedium might be incorporated within a computer system, such as thesystem 1000. In other embodiments, the storage medium might be separatefrom a computer system (i.e., a removable medium, such as a compactdisc, etc.), and/or provided in an installation package, such that thestorage medium can be used to program, configure, and/or adapt a generalpurpose computer with the instructions/code stored thereon. Theseinstructions might take the form of executable code, which is executableby the computer or hardware system 1000 and/or might take the form ofsource and/or installable code, which, upon compilation and/orinstallation on the computer or hardware system 1000 (e.g., using any ofa variety of generally available compilers, installation programs,compression/decompression utilities, etc.) then takes the form ofexecutable code.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substantialvariations may be made in accordance with specific requirements. Forexample, customized hardware (such as programmable logic controllers,field-programmable gate arrays, application-specific integratedcircuits, and/or the like) might also be used, and/or particularelements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portablesoftware, such as applets, etc.), or both. Further, connection to othercomputing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed.

As mentioned above, in one aspect, some embodiments may employ acomputer or hardware system (such as the computer or hardware system1000) to perform methods in accordance with various embodiments of theinvention. According to a set of embodiments, some or all of theprocedures of such methods are performed by the computer or hardwaresystem 1000 in response to processor 1010 executing one or moresequences of one or more instructions (which might be incorporated intothe operating system 1040 and/or other code, such as an applicationprogram 1045) contained in the working memory 1035. Such instructionsmay be read into the working memory 1035 from another computer readablemedium, such as one or more of the storage device(s) 1025. Merely by wayof example, execution of the sequences of instructions contained in theworking memory 1035 might cause the processor(s) 1010 to perform one ormore procedures of the methods described herein.

The terms “machine readable medium” and “computer readable medium,” asused herein, refer to any medium that participates in providing datathat causes a machine to operate in a specific fashion. In an embodimentimplemented using the computer or hardware system 1000, various computerreadable media might be involved in providing instructions/code toprocessor(s) 1010 for execution and/or might be used to store and/orcarry such instructions/code (e.g., as signals). In manyimplementations, a computer readable medium is a non-transitory,physical, and/or tangible storage medium. Such a medium may take manyforms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatilemedia, and transmission media. Non-volatile media includes, for example,optical and/or magnetic disks, such as the storage device(s) 1025.Volatile media includes, without limitation, dynamic memory, such as theworking memory 1035. Transmission media includes, without limitation,coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires thatcomprise the bus 1005, as well as the various components of thecommunication subsystem 1030 (and/or the media by which thecommunications subsystem 1030 provides communication with otherdevices). Hence, transmission media can also take the form of waves(including without limitation radio, acoustic and/or light waves, suchas those generated during radio-wave and infra-red data communications).

Common forms of physical and/or tangible computer readable mediainclude, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk,magnetic tape, or any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, any other opticalmedium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patternsof holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chipor cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any othermedium from which a computer can read instructions and/or code.

Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying oneor more sequences of one or more instructions to the processor(s) 1010for execution. Merely by way of example, the instructions may initiallybe carried on a magnetic disk and/or optical disc of a remote computer.A remote computer might load the instructions into its dynamic memoryand send the instructions as signals over a transmission medium to bereceived and/or executed by the computer or hardware system 1000. Thesesignals, which might be in the form of electromagnetic signals, acousticsignals, optical signals, and/or the like, are all examples of carrierwaves on which instructions can be encoded, in accordance with variousembodiments of the invention.

The communications subsystem 1030 (and/or components thereof) generallywill receive the signals, and the bus 1005 then might carry the signals(and/or the data, instructions, etc. carried by the signals) to theworking memory 1035, from which the processor(s) 1005 retrieves andexecutes the instructions. The instructions received by the workingmemory 1035 may optionally be stored on a storage device 1025 eitherbefore or after execution by the processor(s) 1010.

As noted above, a set of embodiments comprises methods and systems forimplementing interconnection gateway and/or hub functionalities betweenor among two or more network functions virtualization (“NFV”) entitiesthat are located in different networks. FIG. 11 illustrates a schematicdiagram of a system 1100 that can be used in accordance with one set ofembodiments. The system 1100 can include one or more user computers oruser devices 1105. A user computer or user device 1105 can be a generalpurpose personal computer (including, merely by way of example, desktopcomputers, tablet computers, laptop computers, handheld computers, andthe like, running any appropriate operating system, several of which areavailable from vendors such as Apple, Microsoft Corp., and the like),cloud computing devices, a server(s), and/or a workstation computer(s)running any of a variety of commercially-available UNIX™ or UNIX-likeoperating systems. A user computer or user device 1105 can also have anyof a variety of applications, including one or more applicationsconfigured to perform methods provided by various embodiments (asdescribed above, for example), as well as one or more officeapplications, database client and/or server applications, and/or webbrowser applications. Alternatively, a user computer or user device 1105can be any other electronic device, such as a thin-client computer,Internet-enabled mobile telephone, and/or personal digital assistant,capable of communicating via a network (e.g., the network(s) 1110described below) and/or of displaying and navigating web pages or othertypes of electronic documents. Although the exemplary system 1100 isshown with three user computers or user devices 1105, any number of usercomputers or user devices can be supported.

Certain embodiments operate in a networked environment, which caninclude a network(s) 1110. The network(s) 1110 can be any type ofnetwork familiar to those skilled in the art that can support datacommunications using any of a variety of commercially-available (and/orfree or proprietary) protocols, including, without limitation, TCP/IP,SNA™, IPX™, AppleTalk™, and the like. Merely by way of example, thenetwork(s) 1110 can each include a local area network (“LAN”),including, without limitation, a fiber network, an Ethernet network, aToken-Ring™ network and/or the like; a wide-area network (“WAN”); awireless wide area network (“WWAN”); a virtual network, such as avirtual private network (“VPN”); the Internet; an intranet; an extranet;a public switched telephone network (“PSTN”); an infra-red network; awireless network, including, without limitation, a network operatingunder any of the IEEE 802.11 suite of protocols, the Bluetooth™ protocolknown in the art, and/or any other wireless protocol; and/or anycombination of these and/or other networks. In a particular embodiment,the network might include an access network of the service provider(e.g., an Internet service provider (“ISP”)). In another embodiment, thenetwork might include a core network of the service provider, and/or theInternet.

Embodiments can also include one or more server computers 1115. Each ofthe server computers 1115 may be configured with an operating system,including, without limitation, any of those discussed above, as well asany commercially (or freely) available server operating systems. Each ofthe servers 1115 may also be running one or more applications, which canbe configured to provide services to one or more clients 1105 and/orother servers 1115.

Merely by way of example, one of the servers 1115 might be a dataserver, a web server, a cloud computing device(s), or the like, asdescribed above. The data server might include (or be in communicationwith) a web server, which can be used, merely by way of example, toprocess requests for web pages or other electronic documents from usercomputers 1105. The web server can also run a variety of serverapplications, including HTTP servers, FTP servers, CGI servers, databaseservers, Java servers, and the like. In some embodiments of theinvention, the web server may be configured to serve web pages that canbe operated within a web browser on one or more of the user computers1105 to perform methods of the invention.

The server computers 1115, in some embodiments, might include one ormore application servers, which can be configured with one or moreapplications accessible by a client running on one or more of the clientcomputers 1105 and/or other servers 1115. Merely by way of example, theserver(s) 1115 can be one or more general purpose computers capable ofexecuting programs or scripts in response to the user computers 1105and/or other servers 1115, including, without limitation, webapplications (which might, in some cases, be configured to performmethods provided by various embodiments). Merely by way of example, aweb application can be implemented as one or more scripts or programswritten in any suitable programming language, such as Java™, C, C#™ orC++, and/or any scripting language, such as Perl, Python, or TCL, aswell as combinations of any programming and/or scripting languages. Theapplication server(s) can also include database servers, including,without limitation, those commercially available from Oracle™,Microsoft™, Sybase™, IBM™, and the like, which can process requests fromclients (including, depending on the configuration, dedicated databaseclients, API clients, web browsers, etc.) running on a user computer oruser device 1105 and/or another server 1115. In some embodiments, anapplication server can perform one or more of the processes forimplementing NFV interconnection gateway and/or hub functionalities, orthe like, as described in detail above. Data provided by an applicationserver may be formatted as one or more web pages (comprising HTML,JavaScript, etc., for example) and/or may be forwarded to a usercomputer 1105 via a web server (as described above, for example).Similarly, a web server might receive web page requests and/or inputdata from a user computer 1105 and/or forward the web page requestsand/or input data to an application server. In some cases, a web servermay be integrated with an application server.

In accordance with further embodiments, one or more servers 1115 canfunction as a file server and/or can include one or more of the files(e.g., application code, data files, etc.) necessary to implementvarious disclosed methods, incorporated by an application running on auser computer 1105 and/or another server 1115. Alternatively, as thoseskilled in the art will appreciate, a file server can include allnecessary files, allowing such an application to be invoked remotely bya user computer or user device 1105 and/or server 1115.

It should be noted that the functions described with respect to variousservers herein (e.g., application server, database server, web server,file server, etc.) can be performed by a single server and/or aplurality of specialized servers, depending on implementation-specificneeds and parameters.

In certain embodiments, the system can include one or more databases1120. The location of the database(s) 1120 is discretionary: merely byway of example, a database 1120 a might reside on a storage medium localto (and/or resident in) a server 1115 a (and/or a user computer or userdevice 1105). Alternatively, a database 1120 b can be remote from any orall of the computers 1105, 1115, so long as it can be in communication(e.g., via the network 1110) with one or more of these. In a particularset of embodiments, a database 1120 can reside in a storage-area network(“SAN”) familiar to those skilled in the art. (Likewise, any necessaryfiles for performing the functions attributed to the computers 1105,1115 can be stored locally on the respective computer and/or remotely,as appropriate.) In one set of embodiments, the database 1120 can be arelational database, such as an Oracle database, that is adapted tostore, update, and retrieve data in response to SQL-formatted commands.The database might be controlled and/or maintained by a database server,as described above, for example.

According to some embodiments, system 1100 might further comprise one ormore NFV interconnection gateway device(s) 1125 and/or one or more NFVinterconnection hub device(s) 1130, as described in detail above withrespect to FIGS. 1-9. In some embodiments, one or more of the userdevice 1105 a, the user device 1105 b, the server 1115 a, the server1115 b, the database 1120 a, and/or the database 1120 b might be in thesame network 1110 as one of the NFV interconnection gateway device 1125or the NFV interconnection hub device 1130. In alternative or additionalembodiments, one or more of the user device 1105 a, the user device 1105b, the server 1115 a, the server 1115 b, the database 1120 a, and/or thedatabase 1120 b might be in a first network 1110 that is different fromanother network(s) 1110 in which each of the NFV interconnection gatewaydevice 1125 or the NFV interconnection hub device 1130 is located.

While certain features and aspects have been described with respect toexemplary embodiments, one skilled in the art will recognize thatnumerous modifications are possible. For example, the methods andprocesses described herein may be implemented using hardware components,software components, and/or any combination thereof. Further, whilevarious methods and processes described herein may be described withrespect to particular structural and/or functional components for easeof description, methods provided by various embodiments are not limitedto any particular structural and/or functional architecture but insteadcan be implemented on any suitable hardware, firmware and/or softwareconfiguration. Similarly, while certain functionality is ascribed tocertain system components, unless the context dictates otherwise, thisfunctionality can be distributed among various other system componentsin accordance with the several embodiments.

Moreover, while the procedures of the methods and processes describedherein are described in a particular order for ease of description,unless the context dictates otherwise, various procedures may bereordered, added, and/or omitted in accordance with various embodiments.Moreover, the procedures described with respect to one method or processmay be incorporated within other described methods or processes;likewise, system components described according to a particularstructural architecture and/or with respect to one system may beorganized in alternative structural architectures and/or incorporatedwithin other described systems. Hence, while various embodiments aredescribed with—or without—certain features for ease of description andto illustrate exemplary aspects of those embodiments, the variouscomponents and/or features described herein with respect to a particularembodiment can be substituted, added and/or subtracted from among otherdescribed embodiments, unless the context dictates otherwise.Consequently, although several exemplary embodiments are describedabove, it will be appreciated that the invention is intended to coverall modifications and equivalents within the scope of the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: establishing, with aninterconnection gateway device, one or more links between one or morenetwork functions virtualization (“NFV”) entities by abstracting networkconnection information for at least one of the NFV entities to generateabstracted network connection information, wherein the abstractednetwork connection information is abstracted from proprietary connectioninformation to universal connection information; based on the abstractednetwork connection information, providing access to one or morevirtualized network functions (“VNFs”) of the at least one of the NFVentities via the one or more links; predicting, by the interconnectiongateway device, that at a predicted time and at a predicted location oneor more users are going to use a predicted type of VNF; and based atleast in part on the prediction that at the predicted time and at thepredicted location the one or more users are going to use the predictedtype of VNF, selecting, with the interconnection gateway device, andbursting, with the interconnection gateway device and via the one ormore links established based on the abstracted network connectioninformation, at least one VNF associated with the predicted type VNF andof the one or more VNFs from at least one first pod to at least onesecond pod, wherein each of the at least one first pod and the at leastone second pod comprises physical hardware resources that are part ofthe at least one NFV entity of the one or more NFV entities.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the physical hardware resources comprise atleast one of one or more hardware resources within a telecommunicationsfacility, one or more hardware resources at a residential customerpremises, one or more hardware resources in customer premises equipment,one or more hardware resources in mobile devices, one or more hardwareresources at a multi-dwelling unit, one or more hardware resources at acommercial customer premises, one or more hardware resources at adigital subscriber line access multiplexer, one or more hardwareresources at a central office, or one or more hardware resources at apoint of presence.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least onefirst pod and the at least one second pod are located within a same atleast one NFV entity of the one or more NFV entities.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one first pod is located within at leastone first NFV entity of the one or more NFV entities and the at leastone second pod is located within at least one second NFV entity of theone or more NFV entities, and wherein the at least one second NFV entityis separate from the at least one first NFV entity.
 5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the at least one first NFV entity and the at least onsecond NFV entity are located within a first network.
 6. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the at least one first NFV entity is located within afirst network, and wherein the at least one second NFV entity is locatedwithin a second network separate from the first network.
 7. The methodof claim 6, wherein the first network is associated with a first serviceprovider, and the second network is associated with a second serviceprovider separate from the first service provider.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein bursting at least one of the one or more VNFs from atleast one first pod to at least one second pod is further based at leastin part on at least one of expected usage throughout a day, one or moreexpected changes in usage throughout a day, one or more performancecharacteristics, or one or more changes in one or more performancecharacteristics.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the predicted type ofVNF associated with the at least one VNF comprises at least one of awork type VNF or a residential premises type VNF.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more links are established between one ormore NFV entities to establish interconnection for providing at leastone of customer roaming services, customer nomadic services, wholesaleplay, disaster recovery, offloading, service bureau operations, ornetwork operator/service provider cooperation.
 11. The method of claim1, wherein each of the one or more NFV entities comprises at least oneof a NFV orchestrator, a network functions virtualization infrastructure(“NFVI”) system, a NFV management and orchestration (“MANO”) system, aVNF manager, a NFV resource manager, a virtualized infrastructuremanager (“VIM”), a virtual machine (“VM”), a macro orchestrator, or adomain orchestrator.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein theinterconnection gateway device comprises a physical gateway device, agateway application hosted on a distributed computing platform, agateway application hosted on a cloud computing platform, a VNF-basedgateway application hosted on a centralized gateway hardware system, agateway application hosted on a server, a VNF-based gateway applicationhosted on a computing device, or an external network-to-networkinterface (“E-NNI”) device.
 13. An interconnection gateway device,comprising: at least one processor; at least one data storage device incommunication with the at least one processor, the at least one datastorage device having data stored thereon; and at least onenon-transitory computer readable medium in communication with the atleast one processor and with the at least one data storage device, theat least one non-transitory computer readable medium having storedthereon computer software comprising a set of instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one processor, causes the interconnectiongateway device to: establish one or more links between the one or morenetwork functions virtualization (“NFV”) entities by abstracting networkconnection information and removing proprietary information for at leastone of the NFV entities to generate abstracted network connectioninformation, wherein the abstracted network connection information isabstracted from proprietary connection information to universalconnection information; based on the abstracted network connectioninformation, provide access to one or more virtualized network functions(“VNFs”) of the at least one of the NFV entities via the one or morelinks; predict that at a predicted time and at a predicted location oneor more users are going to use a predicted type of VNF; and based atleast in part on the prediction that at the predicted time and at thepredicted location the one or more users are going to use the predictedtype of VNF, select and burst, via the one or more links establishedbased on the abstracted network connection information, at least one VNFassociated with the predicted type of VNF and of the one or more VNFsfrom at least one first pod to at least one second pod, wherein each ofthe at least one first pod and the at least one second pod comprisesphysical hardware resources that are part of the at least one NFV entityof the one or more NFV entities.
 14. The interconnection gateway deviceof claim 13, wherein the at least one first pod and the at least onesecond pod are located within a same at least one NFV entity of the oneor more NFV entities.
 15. The interconnection gateway device of claim13, wherein the at least one first pod is located within at least onefirst NFV entity of the one or more NFV entities and the at least onesecond pod is located within at least one second NFV entity of the oneor more NFV entities, and wherein the at least one second NFV entity isseparate from the at least one first NFV entity.
 16. The interconnectiongateway device of claim 13, wherein the at least one first NFV entity islocated within a first network, and wherein the at least one second NFVentity is located within a second network separate from the firstnetwork.
 17. The interconnection gateway device of claim 13, whereinbursting at least one of the one or more VNFs from at least one firstpod to at least one second pod is further based at least in part on atleast one of expected usage throughout a day, one or more expectedchanges in usage throughout a day, one or more performancecharacteristics, or one or more changes in one or more performancecharacteristics.
 18. A system, comprising: one or more network functionsvirtualization (“NFV”) entities; and an interconnection gateway devicelocated within a first network, the interconnection gateway devicecomprising: at least one first processor; at least one first datastorage device in communication with the at least one first processor,the at least one first data storage device having data stored thereon;at least one first non-transitory computer readable medium incommunication with the at least one first processor and with the atleast one first data storage device, the at least one firstnon-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon computersoftware comprising a first set of instructions that, when executed bythe at least one first processor, causes the interconnection gatewaydevice to: establish one or more links between the one or more networkfunctions virtualization (“NFV”) entities by abstracting networkconnection information and removing proprietary information for at leastone of the NFV entities to generate abstracted network connectioninformation, wherein the abstracted network connection information isabstracted from proprietary connection information to universalconnection information; based on the abstracted network connectioninformation, provide access to one or more virtualized network functions(“VNFs”) of the at least one of the NFV entities via the one or morelinks; predict that at a predicted time and at a predicted location oneor more users are going to use a predicted type of VNF; and based atleast in part on the prediction that at the predicted time and at thepredicted location the one or more users are going to use the predictedtype of VNF, select and burst, via the one or more links establishedbased on the abstracted network connection information, at least one VNFassociated with the predicted type of VNF and of the one or more VNFsfrom at least one first pod to at least one second pod, wherein each ofthe at least one first pod and the at least one second pod comprisesphysical hardware resources that are part of the at least one NFV entityof the one or more NFV entities.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein theat least one first pod is located within at least one first NFV entityof the one or more NFV entities and the at least one second pod islocated within at least one second NFV entity of the one or more NFVentities, and wherein the at least one second NFV entity is separatefrom the at least one first NFV entity.
 20. The system of claim 18,wherein bursting at least one of the one or more VNFs from at least onefirst pod to at least one second pod is further based at least in parton at least one of expected usage throughout a day, one or more expectedchanges in usage throughout a day, one or more performancecharacteristics, or one or more changes in one or more performancecharacteristics.